What are the major advancements in battery development after Voltaic pile?Daniel cell (1836): English chemist, John Daniel (1790-1845) solved the performance degradation of the Voltaic pile in 1836 with the discovery of a two-fluid battery, named a Daniel cell. The system, consisted of a glass jar with a zinc anode on top and a copper cathode at the bottom. A two-layered liquid of concentrated CuSO4 and dilute H2SO4 was used as the electrolyte. It was commercially exploited mostly for powering telegraphs until the late 19th century when the introduction of other novel designs overshadowed its prominence. Daniel cell was a non-rechargeable battery.
Lead–acid storage cell (1854): German physicist Wilhelm Josef Sinsteden (1803-1891) in 1854, brought to light the concept of rechargeable batteries by utilizing two lead sheets in a container of dilute H2SO4. Soon after, in 1859, French physicist, Gaston Planté (1834-1889) introduced the first rechargeable lead-acid battery that revolutionized the world. It consisted of a dual sheet of lead with a rubber strip between them as a separator, which was again rolled into a spiral and immersed in dilute H2SO4 electrolyte.
Leclanché cell (1866): In 1866, George Leclanché (1839-1882), a French physicist, introduced several significant innovations and deviations from the prevailing approach of that time. He developed a new type of battery that utilized MnO2 as one of the electrodes, marking the first use of an oxide for this purpose. Lead oxide was not incorporated into the design of lead-acid batteries until 1881. The telegraphic service of Belgium swiftly adopted this technology in 1867. Leclanché also introduced the use of NH4Cl solution as the electrolyte, which diverged from the prevailing practice of employing protonic acids.
Dry cell (1886): Carl Gassner (1855-1942), in 1886, replaced the liquid NH4Cl solution in the Leclanché cell with a paste of NH4Cl solution mixed with plaster of Paris, creating the first significant dry cell. Gassner's invention was patented in multiple countries. During the same period, there were also independent developments of dry batteries (e.g. by Wilhelm Hellesen and Yai Sakizo), so the precise attribution of who invented the first dry cell remains somewhat unclear.
Nickel–cadmium cell (1899): Swedish scientist Waldemar Jüngner (1869-1924) introduced the nickel–cadmium battery in 1899, which was the first alkaline battery. It quickly became renowned as the ideal battery technology for small consumer devices. This technology was praised for its high current capacity and the ability to undergo numerous charging-discharging cycles. However, it finally lost popularity due to its high cost, degradation of the electrolyte, reduced battery lifespan and the toxic nature of cadmium.
Nickel–iron cell (1901): In addition to his work on nickel-cadmium batteries, Jüngner also introduced nickel-iron batteries.
Nickel–metal hydride cells (1967): The unpopularity of cadmium encouraged the development of nickel−metal hydride batteries in 1967, which are not only cadmium-free but can store more charge than nickel-cadmium batteries. On the downside, nickel-metal hydride batteries deliver less power, have a faster self-discharge and are less tolerant to overcharge. They found wide applications in mobile phones, computers and portable electronic goods after their commercialization in 1991.
Lithium cells (1970): Lithium-based batteries were the last to emerge in the progression of battery technology, only introduced in the 1970s by various research groups. The concept of lithium-ion (Li–ion) batteries was initially discussed around 1979 after which significant advancements were made, starting in 1980.
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