History UPSC & UGC_NET

Facts For Prelims 2020 ::: APJSIR
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Thiruvalluvar :::

Why in News ::: Recently, ancient saint Thiruvalluvar has been in the news because of a political issue in Tamil Nadu.

Key Points :::

Thiruvalluvar, also called Valluvar, was a Tamil poet-saint.

The period when he lived is debated, as is his religious identity.

He is believed to have lived between 3rd-4th century or 8th-9th century.

He is thought to be linked to Jainism. However, Hindus have also claimed that Thiruvalluvar belonged to hinduism.

Dravidian groups also count him as a saint, as he dismissed the caste system.

He had contributed the Tirukkural or ‘Kural’ to the Sangam literature.

Tirukkural is comprised of 133 sections of 10 couplets each is divided into three books: Aram (virtue), Porul (government and society), and Kamam (love).

The Tirukkural has been compared to the great books of the world’s major religions.

Sangam Literature :::

The word ‘Sangam’ is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit word Sangha which means a group of persons or an association.

The Tamil Sangam was an academy of poets who flourished in three different periods and in different places under the patronage of the Pandyan kings.

The Sangam literature which was largely consolidated from the third Sangam, throws information on conditions of life of people around the beginning of the Christian era.

It deals with the secular matter relating to the public and social activities like government, war charity, trade, worship, agriculture, etc.

Sangam literature consists of the earliest Tamil works (such as the Tolkappiyam), the ten poems (Pattupattu), the eight anthologies (Ettutogai) and the eighteen minor works (Padinenkilkanakku) and the three epics.
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Facts For Prelims 2020 ::: APJSIR
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550th Birth Anniversary Celebrations of Sri Guru Nanak Dev ::::


Why in News :::: Recently, the Prime Minister of India participated in the special event organised at Dera Baba Nanak to inaugurate the Integrated Check Post (ICP) and the Kartarpur Corridor. He also released commemorative coin celebrating 550th Birth Anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Guru Nanak Dev :::

Guru Nanak Dev Jayanti is observed to celebrate the birth of Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539), who is first of the 10 Sikh Gurus and the founder of Sikhism.

He advocated the 'Nirguna' (devotion to and worship of formless divine) form of bhakti.

He rejected sacrifices, ritual baths, image worship, austerities and the scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims.

He organised his followers into a community. He set up rules for congregational worship (Sangat) involving collective recitation.

The fifth preceptor, Guru Arjan Dev, compiled Guru Nanak Dev’s hymns along with those of his four successors and other religious poets like Baba Farid, Ravidas (also known as Raidas) and Kabir in the Adi Granth Sahib.

These hymns, called 'Gurbani', are composed in many languages.

In the late seventeenth century the tenth preceptor, Guru Gobind Singh, included the compositions of the ninth guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, and this scripture was called the Guru Granth Sahib.
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सियाचिन : Siachen :::::
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रक्षा मंत्रालय द्वारा विश्व के सबसे ऊँचे युद्ध क्षेत्र सियाचिन ग्लेशियर में पर्यटकों को जाने की अनुमति प्रदान की गई है।

सियाचिन के बारे में ::::

1) सियाचिन ग्लेशियर या सियाचिन हिमनद हिमालय की काराकोरम रेंज में भारत-पाक नियंत्रण रेखा के समीप स्थित है।

2) सामरिक दृष्टिकोण से यह स्थान अति-महत्त्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि यहाँ पर भारत-पाकिस्तान की सीमाएँ मिलती हैं।

3) भारत ने इस क्षेत्र में आपरेशन मेघदूत के तहत विजय प्राप्त की थी।

4) पर्यावरण के दृष्टिकोण से यह अति-संवेदनशील क्षेत्र है इसलिये यहाँ पर मानवीय हस्तक्षेप को सीमित रखा गया था।

5) हाल ही में यहाँ पर अत्यधिक प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण की समस्या देखी गई है, इसलिये सेना इसके निपटान हेतु प्रयासरत है।

पर्यटन के निहितार्थ ::::

1) इस क्षेत्र में विद्यमान पर्यटन संबंधी अपार संभावनाओं का समुचित लाभ उठाना।

2) इस प्रकार की गतिविधियों से यहाँ के लोगों के लिये आजीविका के नए अवसर उत्पन्न करना।

3) इस प्रकार की पहल से लद्दाख को विशेष रूप से फायदा मिलेगा।
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आज़ाद हिंद सरकार : Azad Hind Government ::::
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केंद्रीय संस्कृति और पर्यटन मंत्रालय द्वारा 21 अक्तूबर, 2019 को दिल्ली के लाल किले में 'आज़ाद हिंद सरकार' की स्थापना के 76वें वर्ष के उपलक्ष्य में एक समारोह आयोजित किया गया।

आज़ाद हिंद सरकार :::

1) वर्ष 1943 में सुभाष चंद्र बोस द्वारा सिंगापुर में आज़ाद हिंद सरकार की अस्थायी रूप से स्थापना की गई थी।

2) इस सरकार को जापान, जर्मनी, इटली जैसी ध्रुवीय शक्तियों द्वारा मान्यता प्रदान की गई थी।

आज़ाद हिंद सरकार का संगठन :::

1) इस सरकार में सुभाष चंद्र बोस प्रधानमंत्री थे और उनके पास ही युद्ध तथा विदेश मामलों से संबधित विभाग का प्रभार था।

2) कैप्टन लक्ष्मी सहगल महिला संगठन की अध्यक्षा थीं, जबकि एस. ए. अय्यर को प्रचार और प्रसार विंग का प्रमुख नियुक्त किया गया था। क्रांतिकारी नेता रास बिहारी बोस को सर्वोच्च सलाहकार नियुक्त किया गया था।

आज़ाद हिंद सरकार की स्थापना की 75वीं वर्षगाँठ ::: पिछले वर्ष 21अक्तूबर को सुभाष चंद्र बोस द्वारा गठित आज़ाद हिंद सरकार की 75वीं वर्षगाँठ के उपलक्ष्य में पट्टिका (Plaque) का अनावरण किया गया।

सुभाष चंद्र बोस संग्रहालय :::: 23 जनवरी, 2019 को सुभाष चंद्र बोस की 122वीं जयंती के उपलक्ष्य में लाल किले में सुभाष चंद्र बोस संग्रहालय का उद्घाटन किया गया।
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Keeladi Findings :::::
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According to a report published by the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department (TNAD), the cultural deposits unearthed during the excavations at site Keeladi located in the Sivaganga district could be dated to a period between the 6th century BC and the 1st century AD.

Key Findings ::::

The title of the report was ‘Keeladi-An Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the Banks of River Vaigai.’

Previously it was believed that the Keeladi artefacts belonged to the 3rd century BC.

But the carbon dating test confirmed the date of the Tamil-Brahmi script is dated to the year 580 BC.

The results suggest that the second urbanization (the first being the Indus Valley Civilization) of Vaigai plains happened in Tamil Nadu during the 6th century BC.

The contemporary of which in the Gangetic plains was the Iron Age & the period of the rise of various Heterodox sects.

Skeletal fragments of Cow/Ox & Buffalo, Sheep & Goat, Nilgai & Blackbuck, Wild boar, and Peacock suggest that the society in Keeladi had used animals predominantly for agricultural purposes.

Pottery specimens from Keeladi confirmed that the water containers and cooking vessels were shaped out of locally available raw materials.

The recovery of spindle whorls, pinpointed bone tip tools, hanging stones of the yarn, terracotta spheres, copper needle, and earthen vessels to hold liquid, outlines the various stages of weaving industry from spinning, yarning, looming, weaving and dyeing.

Sangam Age :::

The word ‘Sangam’ is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit word Sangha which means a group of persons or an association.

The Tamil Sangam was an academy of poets who flourished in three different periods and in different places under the patronage of the Pandyan kings.

The Sangam literature which was largely consolidated from the third Sangam, throws information on conditions of life of people around the beginning of the Christian era.

It deals with the secular matter relating to the public and social activities like government, war charity, trade, worship, agriculture, etc.

Sangam literature consists of the earliest Tamil works (such as the Tolkappiyam), the ten poems (Pattupattu), the eight anthologies (Ettutogai) and the eighteen minor works (Padinenkilkanakku), and the three epics.

Tamil-Brahmi Script ::::

The Brahmi script was the earliest script that the Tamils used.

In the late ancient and early medieval period they started evolving a new angular script, called the Grantha script, from which the modern Tamil is derived.

Vaigai River :::::

1. It is an east-flowing river.

2. The Vaigai river basin is an important basin among the 12 basins lying between the Cauvery and Kanyakumari.

3. This basin is bounded by the Cardamom Hills and the Palani Hills on the West and by the Palk Strait and Palk Bay on the East.
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