EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

25 Jan, 05:49

GS 2, Role of Women

✅ Intersectionality of gender & caste in women's labour force participation (LFP)

Key points:

🔴 Societal expectations from women to primarily focus on housework & carework & manage the needs of a household, prevent them from participating in the workforce.
🔴 Legal & economic constraints for women in the pursuit of employment e.g. laws in many companies prevent women from working on the night shifts.
🔴 More participation of women in non-farm, informal sectors as such laws do not exist there.
🔴 Lack of patriarchal figures in the female-headed households & the need for revenue help women attain employment.
🔴 In case of lower-caste households, higher female LFP in informal sectors particularly in manual & domestic work due to lack of education.
🔴 Women from upper castes have lower work participation rates compared to women from lower castes.
🔴 Availability of education help upper caste women take up formal employment.
🔴 Women's LFP beneficial for them & larger society - their ability to generate revenue increases their capacity to make decisions for themselves.
🔴 Education & LFP among women is associated with delayed age of marriage & age of first childbirth, higher chances of child's schooling, less susceptibility to domestic violence & more mobility

✅ Women's Labour Force Participation Rate: Click Here

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

25 Jan, 04:55

GS 2, Vulnerable Sections

✅ On equal access to benefits for all SCs

What's the issue?
🔴 SC communities in several States have said that they have been routinely crowded out of benefits meant for SCs by dominant & relatively forward communities in their category.
🔴 Commissions formed by State & Union govts also support the argument that several SC communities often miss out on benefits.

Why the news now?
🔴 Govt has formed a high-level committee to look into the issue

What's the mandate of this Committee?
🔴 To evaluate & work out a method for equitable distribution of benefits, schemes & initiatives to the most backward communities among the over 1200 SCs accross the country.
🔴 It will not go into the issue of sub-categorisation of SCs but look into the ways in which benefits of other govt schemes & initiatives can be focused towards these SC communities.
🔴 The panel will have to figure out on what basis SC communities are going to be shortlisted for special attention, find out the extent to which special initiatives need to be designed for each of them, & then a find a way to deliver them.

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

24 Jan, 18:35

GS 3, Infrastructure: Energy
Facts for Prelims: Govt Schemes

✅ Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana

What is it?
🔴 New programme to install rooftop solar systems on 1 crore houses.

Why?
🔴 Ensuring energy security
🔴 Effecting a transition to non-fossil sources of energy
🔴 Increasing energy access
🔴 Target of 40 GW solar rooftop capacity by 2026.
🔴 Huge potential for residential sector: Bulk of the current rooftop installations have happened in the commercial & industrial sectors with residential sector accounting for just 20% of the installations as per a report by Council on Energy, Environment & Water (CEEW).
🔴 Potential for rooftop solar systems is available uniformly across all states & regions, unlike concentrated generation of electricity through large solar parks that require big corporate investments, open tracts of land, & powerful transmission lines.
🔴 India has an international commitment to ensure that by 2030, about 50% of its installed power capacity will come from non-fossil fuel-based energy sources. This share has already reached 43% with renewables - wind, solar, biogas - contributing 30% of total installed capacity. There is little likelihood of other non-fossil fuel soruces like nuclear or hydro power showing a major surge. In this context, renewable energy, particularly solar, needs to grow.

✅ Why India's coal dependence is unlikely to end anytime soon: Click Here

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

24 Jan, 17:45

GS 2, IR

✅ India's new two front challenge

What is it?
🔴 Two front situation is normally understood as India facing the dual & simultaneous challenge of Pakistan & China on its borders.
🔴 However, there's a new two front challenge: In continental domain & in maritime domain.

How?
🔴 While the continental challenge persists in South Asia through the actions of Pakistan & China, the maritime challenge is coming to the fore by the action of assertive China.
🔴 China is consistently trying to contain India on maritime front:
1. Unprecedented growth in China's People Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).
2. It has a military base in Djibouti (Horn of Africa)
3. Its activities are growing in Pakistan's Gwadar port & Sri Lanka's Hambantota port.
4. It is building Kyaukpyu port in Myanmar which will enable it to inch closer to Indian Navy in Bay of Bengal.
5. Its growing ties with Maldives: China-Maldives strategic partnership & reports of China building an artificial island in the country.
6. It is building a naval base in Ream, Cambodia
7. It is exploring strategic investment options in Sychelles.

What should India do?
🔴 Indo-Pacific, the recent geo-political construct, is of vital importance not just for India but for U.S & its allies.
🔴 Make coalitions with like-minded countries that have security & commercial interests in Indo-Pacific.
🔴 Invest in a cohesive & well thought-out Indo-Pacific strategy (as per my suggestion, invest in an overall maritime doctrine which India doesn't have at the moment)

✅ Need of a maritime doctrine for India: Click Here

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

24 Jan, 17:07

GS 2, Education

✅ Gender Equity in Education

Certain facts about Gender Equity in Education in India:
🔴 Latest Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) shows that while boys & girls from rural India equally aspire to become doctors or engineers, when it comes to choosing Science, Technology, Enginnering, & Mathematics (STEM) courses, it is boys who take up STEM courses more than girls
🔴 As per National Achievement Survey (2017) covering 22 lakh students, there is a parity in learning outcomes b/w boys & girls in elementary & secondary classes across the country.
🔴 While the mean years of schooling (aka educational attainment) for girls was 4.7 in 2018, it was 8.2 years for boys revealing a gender gap of 3.5 years.
🔴 This gender gap widens with progressive levels of education owing to greater barriers to schooling that girls face due to social norms & deeply ingrained gender stereotypes - high drop out rates for girls at higher levels of education.
🔴 Roots of gender discrimination emerge at earliest stages of education - As per ASER 2019 titled 'Early Years', more boys than girls tend to be enrolled in private institutions where parents incur out-of-pocket expenditure.

✅ For Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), 2023: Click Here

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

21 Jan, 15:19

GS 2, Regulatory Bodies

✅ Competition Commission of India (CCI)

Objectives
🔴 Promoting competition
🔴 Curbing anti-competitive practices
🔴 Protection of consumer interests
🔴 Ensuring freedom of trade

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

20 Jan, 11:42

GS 2, Education

✅ Digital Technology & Education

🔴 The author argues for leveraging the access to digital technologies like smartphones in transforming the way education is imparted & recognised.

The point for which I covered this article:
🔴 As per ASER survey, while 56.4% & 31.3% rural students respectively were studying Humanities & Science beyond Class X, only 0.7% reported they were studying agriculture.
🔴 When agriculture employs over 50% of India's workforce & ASER 2023 shows that nearly a quarter of all adolescents in the 14-18 age group also work in agriculture while being enrolled in schools or colleges, the need to formally train our youth in advanced skills & knowledge of agriculture, fisheries & forestry can hardly be ignored.
🔴 Similarly, issues of natural resource management also need to be taught as these are the issues of environment & climate.
🔴 In this context, there is a need of supplementing formal education with non-formal education which can be attained any where any time through the use of smartphones & other digital tools.

For Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), 2023: Click Here

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

20 Jan, 10:42

GS 1, Art & Architecture

✅ Nagara & Dravida Style of Temple Architecture

Nagara Style
🔴 Emerged in 5th century CE in North India.
🔴 Temples are built on a plinth.
🔴 Garbha Griha: Sanctum sanctorum where the image of the chief deity rests - most sacred part of the temple.
🔴 Shikhara: Literally 'mountain peak' it towers over Garbha Griha & is the best most distinguishable aspect of Nagara Style temples.
🔴 Circumambulatory passage around the garbha griha & one or more madapas (halls) on the same axis.
🔴 Walls of the temples may be adorned with beautiful murals & reliefs.

Dravida Style:
🔴 Vimana: It is the counterpart of Shikhara in the Dravida Style.
🔴 Gopurams: These are the great gatehouses or Gopurams which are the most striking architectural feature of South Indian temples. Vimanas are typically smaller than the Gopurams.
🔴 Shikharas are mentioned in South Indian architectural texts but they refer to only the dome-shaped crowning cap atop the vimana.
🔴 The existence of Gopurams point to another unique feature of Dravida Style - the presence of a boundary wall.

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

20 Jan, 10:02

GS 1, Geography
GS 3, Inclusive Growth

✅ Geography of Unequal Growth

🔴 Higher income states are in South, West & Northwest & the lower income ones are in the North, Centre & East.

Reasons:
🔴 Growth of manufacturing & services sectors in higher-income states.
🔴 Lack of entrepreneurship in low income states - out of richest 100 Indians all of whom are entrepreneurs, 91 are resident in India from which 87 live in high-growth states.
🔴 Lack of capital for investment in the hands of entrepreneurs in low income states.
🔴 Informal nature of economy & work in low income states - percentage of workers with regular wage/salary income is below the national average.
🔴 Difference in access to engineering education: About 70% of engineering seats in India are in higher-income states - a major reason for their capacity to attract knowledge-intensive & higher-technology industries.

How to address the issue?
🔴 Promote entrepreneurship in low income states.
🔴 Raise labour skills in these states to attract enterprises from higher-income states.
🔴 Connect low-income states with high-income ones in terms of national value chains.

Conclusion:
🔴 Steps necessary not only for equity but also for goals of national growth.
🔴 The majority of the growth in working age population will come from low-income states in mid & long term.
🔴 Unless we raise the income & growth in these states, our demographic dividend will become a demographic downfall.

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

19 Jan, 15:12

GS 2, Education

✅ Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023

Key Findings for the Age Group of 14-18 years
🔴 Children in India continue to struggle with basic reading & arithmetic skills well into their teenage years.
🔴 More than half (56.7%) of 14-18 year-old children in rural India cannot solve a simple 3-digit division problem that's usually taught in Class 3-4.
🔴 A quarter of them (26.5%) could not read a Class-2 level textbook in their local/regional language.
🔴 More than half (55.7%) of young people in the age group of 14-18 years were enrolled in Arts/Humanities stream, followed by STEM (31.7%) & Commerce (9.4%).
🔴 More males report enrolling in the STEM stream (36.3%) than females (28.1%).
🔴 89% of those surveyed had a smartphone in the household & 92% said they knew how to use it.

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

19 Jan, 13:31

GS 3, Internal Security

✅ Killing Terrorists vs Killing Militancy

Crux of the Article
🔴 The author argues against the excessive focus placed on counting the number of terrorists killed in a conflict zone.
🔴 While neutralizing the terrorists is important, the role of security forces should be limited to create an enabling environment for democratic & political processes to operate.
🔴 Winning hearts & the minds of the population with people-centric intiatives should be the final objective of any conflict management strategy.

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

19 Jan, 11:23

GS 2, Issues relating to Poverty & Hunger

✅ Declining Multidimensional Poverty in India

Acc. to a discussion paper released by NITI Aayog:
🔴 Share of India's population living in multidimensional poverty fell to 11.28% in 2022-23 from 29.17% in 2013-14 & 55% in 2005-06.
🔴 In other words, 248 million Indians exited "multidimensional poverty" (MDP) in 9 years from 2013-14 to 2022-23.

How does India measure its MDP?
🔴 India measures MDP using Multi-dimensional Poverty Index which considers 12 different indicators of poverty included under three broad dimensions i.e. health, education and living standards to ascertain multidimensional poverty.
🔴 Each of the specific parameters (under 3 broad categories) is assigned a value to calculate what is called a ‘deprivation score’.
🔴 The deprivation score is the sum of the weighted status of all the indicators for an individual – if it is more than 0.33, only then an individual is considered multi-dimensionally poor.

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

19 Jan, 10:25

GS 3, Climate Change

✅ Declining snowfall in Kashmir

Reasons:
🔴 Decline in Western Disturbance events
🔴 Rise in temperatures
🔴 Global Warming
🔴 El Niño event in Pacific Ocean & consequent change in atmospheric circulation
🔴 Climate Change

Implications:
🔴 Less hydroelectricity generation
🔴 Increase in rate of glacier melting
🔴 Less recharge of groundwater.
🔴 Adverse impact on drinking water supply
🔴 Drop in crop production especially horticulture
🔴 Loss of tourism

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

19 Jan, 09:05

GS 4, Challenges of Corruption

✅ Need of 'Prior Approval' in probing Public Officials

🔴 Section 17A of Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act, 2018: If a public servant commits an offence under the Act while discharging their offical duties, investigators must receive approval from central/state govt, or a competent authority to open an inquiry or investigation.
🔴 In 2018, the NGO Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL) challenged the constitutionally of the amendment arguing that it would be 'extremely difficult' to determine if an offence was committed while discharging their offical duties if no investigation could be conducted in the first place.

Additional Point not covered in the article:
🔴 Conflict of Interest: Public Official committing an offence of corruption is part of the govt. Seeking prior approval from the govt itself is a conflict of interest particularly when the official concerned is a high ranking individual in the govt.

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

17 Jan, 13:51

GS 2, Powers & Responsibilities of Various Constitutional Bodies

✅ 10th Schedule & Anti-Defection Law

🔴 Instances of misuse of the anti-defection law & partial role played by Speaker while deciding on disqualification of defecting members.

Supreme Court's Observations on the matter:
🔴 K.M Singh vs Speaker of Manipur (2020): Parliament should amend the constitution & vest the power to decide on disqualification of defecting members in an independent tribunal instead of the Speaker.

What is Sadiq Ali vs Election Commission of India (1971) case?
🔴 SC laid down three-test formula for determining which faction is to be recognised as the original political party by the Election Commission:
1. Aims & Objects of the party
2. Its affairs as per the party's constitution that reflect inner party democracy
3. Majority in the legislative & organisation wings

How can the defections be prevented?
🔴 Majority of defections are due to lack of inner party democracy. The real reform required is institutionalising internal democracy through regular inner-party elections with strict monitoring by the Election Commission.
🔴 Strengthening of anti-defection law: Power to decide on disqualifications be vested in independent tribunal as recommended in K.M Singh vs Speaker of Manipur (2020) case.

Concerns around Speaker's role: Click Here

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

15 Jan, 17:49

GS 2, India's Neighbourhood

✅ How India-Bangladesh Relations transformed under the reign of Sheikh Hasina?

🔴 Period from 1975 (when Sheikh Mujib was assassinated) - 1996 (when Hasina became PM), led to the strengthening of radical, Islamic & pro-Pakistan forces.
🔴 Islamist parties, anti-India terrorist & insurgent groups again had a free run from 2001 to 2008 when Sheikh Hasina was out of power.
🔴 Coming back of Hasina into power in 2008 was a strategic game changer for India.
🔴 Hasina cracked down on anti-India insurgent & terror groups & also fought extremism &, radicalism with firm hand.
🔴 This led to strengthening of India-Bangladesh Relations as India does not want another Pakistan on its Eastern front.
🔴 India also opened up its purse strings for Dhaka & extended three lines of credit worth USD 8 Billion to it. This has led to Bangladesh becoming largest development partner of India.
🔴 There has been a marked increased in people-to-people exchanges because of a better security environment.
🔴 With India, Hasina worked to restore connectivities that existed before 1965 - the railway lines, while creating new ones such as in the energy sector & also offered transit rights to North-Eastern India from Eastern states.

For More Info: Click Here

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

15 Jan, 17:00

Facts for Prelims

✅ Kala Ram Temple

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

15 Jan, 16:01

GS 2, Vulnerable Sections

✅ SC report on accessibility of Courts for disabled persons

🔴 More than half of district courts in the country do not have ramps.
🔴 Only 25.2% of the district courts have wheelchairs.
🔴 Just 5.1% of the district courts have tactile paving to assist persons with visual disabilities in navigating the court building.
🔴 Only 30.4% of court complexes have separate disabled-friendly toilets.
🔴 Infrastructure lacunae: Out of a total sanctioned strength of 25081 judges in district judiciary, there are 20831 courtrooms with a gap of 4250 courtrooms across India.

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

15 Jan, 15:22

GS 2, Important International Institutions

✅ International Court of Justice

Important facts
🔴 UN's highest judicial body
🔴 Established in 1945
🔴 Headquarters: Peace Palace, The Hague, Netherlands
🔴 Dual jurisdictional powers:
1. Advisory jurisdiction: To provide legal opinions on matters referred to it by the organs & specialised agencies of the UN.
2. Jurisdiction in contentious cases: Settling disputes b/w countries & determining "state responsibility" for crimes committed in violation of international law.
🔴 Total strength: 15 Judges each appointed for 9 year term through separate, simultaneous elections at UNGA & the UNSC.

Concerns:
🔴 No enforcement powers: Though decisions are legally binding, it has no enforcement mechanism of its own to get them implemented.
🔴 UNSC authorised by UN Charter to enforce court's decisions but its compliance is often at the mercy of power politics of permanent members of the Security Council.
🔴 Non-participation of powerful member states in its proceedings.
🔴 Slow & bureaucratic procedure resulting in rulings taking years to be pronounced.

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EduMandala (Achieve IAS)

15 Jan, 13:12

GS 2, Health Issues

✅ HPV Vaccine

Why?
🔴 To reduce the incidence of cervical cancer, 2nd most common cancer among women in India after breast cancer - 1.25 lakh cases of cervical cancer.
🔴 More than 95% of all cervical cancer cases linked to persistent infection with certain high-risk strains of Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
🔴 Vaccine can be used to prevent the infection with HPV thereby reducing cases of cervical cancer.

✅ How cancer disproportionately affects women: Click Here

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