In the 20th century, there were three theories of banking (credit creation arguing banks individually create credit, fractional reserve arguing that only the banking system as a whole creates credit, and financial intermediation theory arguing banks are unimportant and do not create credit).
Today, mainstream economics, such as neoclassical economics, teach us that banks are purely financial intermediaries providing a middleman between lender (those who deposit) and borrower (those who take out a loan) and are not 'special'.
In 2014, Prof. Richard Werner conducted the first ever empirical test in the 2000-yr history of banking to determine which theory is correct. Since publishing his findings, Central Banks have been forced to openly admit that banks are not merely financial intermediaries and do create credit.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1057521914001070