Journal of World & International Science

#New_Issue_2

✅ Articles Vol.1 Issue.2 Winter 2020

🔵 How to Write a 10 Page Essay When You Are Limited for Time

✍️ Patricia Jenkins

🌕 7 Steps in Writing a Research Paper: Enjoy Your Student Life

✍️Patricia Jenkins

🔵 This Is How to Write an Effective Research Paper

✍️Karen Hertzberg

🌕How to Write a Research Paper

✍️Dr. Rey Rosales

🔵 How to Write a Thesis Statement for a Research Paper

✍️Aresearchguide

🌕Topic

✍️Shona McCombes

🔵 Research paper outline

✍️Courtney Gahan

🌕Conceptual Framework

✍️Bas Swaen

🔵 Citation styles guide: choosing a style and citing correctly

✍️Bas Swaen

🌕How to Avoid Plagiarism in Your Work: 5 Effective Methods

✍️Jennifer Calonia

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💠 9 Powerful Writing Apps for Any Type of Writing Project (#End)

2️⃣ WriteRoom

WriteRoom is a distraction-free environment for Mac. It promotes a full-screen environment that allows Mac users to “focus on writing.”

Where to use it: Desktop app for Mac

3️⃣ iA Writer

iA Writer removes distractions, giving you a calm, focused writing space. Their focused writing environment is available on desktop and mobile devices.

Where to use it: Desktop and mobile writing apps

4️⃣ Grammarly Native Apps for Mac and Windows

Grammarly’s native applications for Mac and Windows allow you to write what you mean, without distraction. You can either view helpful writing suggestions on everything from punctuation to tone, or you can hide them and keep typing your draft.

Where to use it: Desktop apps for Mac and Windows

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💠 9 Powerful Writing Apps for Any Type of Writing Project (#4)

✴️ 4 Distraction-Free Writing Apps

For some projects, you need a space to type out the first draft, without the temptation of social media, notifications, and other online distractors. There are several writing apps that offer you the ability to write in peace, but here are a few of our favorites.

1️⃣ Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is one of the most widely-known word processors. But did you know that it can also be used for focused writing? Using “focus mode,” you can hide Word’s toolbars, allowing for minimal distractions.

Where to use it: Desktop app for Mac

Here’s a tip: Did you know that Grammarly works with Microsoft Office on Windows devices? You can learn more about how to add Grammarly to Microsoft Office here.

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💠 9 Powerful Writing Apps for Any Type of Writing Project (#3)

🌕 2 Helpful Blogging Apps

1️⃣ Medium

Medium allows you to share your stories and ideas with the world. It is both the home of several well-known publications and a great place to publish your writing if you’re interested in making your perspectives and experiences available to a wider audience.

Where to use it: medium.com

2️⃣ WordPress

WordPress helps you start a blog or build a website in seconds without any technical knowledge. The software it’s based on (confusingly named WordPress.org), powers 32% of the Internet, so it’s a very popular blogging platform. With WordPress, you can create custom blogs easily and share them on a custom website of your choosing.

Where to use it: wordpress.com

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💠 9 Powerful Writing Apps for Any Type of Writing Project (#2)

🔆 4 Great Online Writing Apps

1️⃣ Grammarly

Grammarly is a writing assistant. We provide clear, constructive writing suggestions that work where you work, enabling better understanding between people. Our products can help you with grammar, spelling, punctuation, conciseness, clarity, readability, and more.

Where to use it: grammarly.com

2️⃣ Evernote Web

Evernote is a platform that allows you to take all kinds of notes. It’s also a great place to start writing if you’d like a clean, easily-accessible interface. Using Evernote also can help you stay organized so you can juggle and locate multiple writing projects at once.

Where to use it: evernote.com

3️⃣ Google Docs

Google Docs is an online word processor that lets you create and format documents and work with other people. As a writing app, it’s helpful when you’d like to collaborate with someone else on a writing project, like an editor or co-author.

Where to use it: docs.google.com

4️⃣ Draft

Draft is an online writing app that combines collaboration and editing features. Its version control features are helpful for keeping track of your changes, and it can work with other online writing apps.

Where to use it: draftin.com

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💠 9 Powerful Writing Apps for Any Type of Writing Project (#1)

When you’re starting a new writing project, it’s sometimes helpful to rethink the writing apps in your toolbox.

Even if you’re a pen-on-paper writer for the first draft, you’ll have to translate your writing to a digital format at some point in the process. Here are a few writing apps to help you, broken out by the type of project you might be working on.

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💫اطلاعيه سازمان سنجش اموزش کشور درخصوص تغيير تاريخ برگزاري ازمون ورودي دکتري ph.D (نيمه متمرکز) سال 1399

◽️ آزمون دکتری ۹۹ قرار بود روز جمعه ۹ اسفند در ۶۰ شهر کشور برگزار شود اما ملاحظات بهداشتی برای پیشگیری از شیوع بیماری کرونا مسئولان را به تغییر تاریخ آزمون و به‌تعویق‌انداختن آن تا ۲۸ فروردین واداشت..

◽️اطلاعیه این سازمان درخصوص اعلام سایر اطلاعات مربوط به برگزاری آزمون در روز دوشنبه مورخ 99/01/18 از طریق پایگاه اطلاع رسانی این سازمان منتشر خواهد شد. ضمنا کارت شرکت داوطلبان از روز دوشنبه مورخ 99/01/25 از طریق پایگاه اطلاع رسانی این سازمان به نشاني www.sanjesh.org منتشر خواهدشد.

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💠 نمونه پروپوزال بورسیه تحصیلی

👨‍🎓👩‍🎓دانشجویان و افرادی که مایل به اپلای برای دانشگاه های خارج هستند، این موارد را در ارسال فرم پروپوزال رعایت کنند:

1️⃣ عنوان موضوع: عنوان موضوعتان را بصورتی که بتواند عنوان یک پایان نامه یا مقاله باشد خلاصه و مختصر بنویسید (حداکثر 15 کلمه) ؛

2️⃣ روش های تحقیق: در مورد روش های تحقیق که در این موضوع استفاده خواهید کرد اطلاعات دهید. برای مثال مصاحبه، مشاهده، نظرسنجی، آزمایش (حداقل 75، حداکثر 300 کلمه) ؛

3️⃣ ساختار کلی تحقیق: سرفصل های موضوع را بنویسید (حداقل 75، حداکثر 300 کلمه)؛

4️⃣ اهمیت علمی موضوع: توضیح دهید که این موضوع از نظر علمی به حوزه ای که در آن کار کردید چه کمکی خواهد کرد؟ (حداقل 75، حداکثر 300 کلمه)؛

5️⃣ لیست منابع: در حوزه این موضوع منابع اصلی که نوشته شده و شما استفاده خواهید کرد را بنویسید (حداقل 75، حداکثر 300 کلمه) .

#نکته1: تعداد کلمات خواسته شده می تواند کاملا متغیر باشد.
#نکته2: برخی دانشگاه ها معمولا فرم مشابه پروپوزال را در وبسایتشون ارائه می دهند.

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🚹 Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors

3️⃣ Non-Author Contributors

Contributors who meet fewer than all 4 of the above criteria for authorship should not be listed as authors, but they should be acknowledged. Examples of activities that alone (without other contributions) do not qualify a contributor for authorship are acquisition of funding; general supervision of a research group or general administrative support; and writing assistance, technical editing, language editing, and proofreading. Those whose contributions do not justify authorship may be acknowledged individually or together as a group under a single heading (e.g. "Clinical Investigators" or "Participating Investigators"), and their contributions should be specified (e.g., "served as scientific advisors," "critically reviewed the study proposal," "collected data," "provided and cared for study patients", "participated in writing or technical editing of the manuscript").

Because acknowledgment may imply endorsement by acknowledged individuals of a study’s data and conclusions, editors are advised to require that the corresponding author obtain written permission to be acknowledged from all acknowledged individuals.

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🚹 Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors

2️⃣ Who Is an Author? (3 of 3)

When a large multi-author group has conducted the work, the group ideally should decide who will be an author before the work is started and confirm who is an author before submitting the manuscript for publication. All members of the group named as authors should meet all four criteria for authorship, including approval of the final manuscript, and they should be able to take public responsibility for the work and should have full confidence in the accuracy and integrity of the work of other group authors. They will also be expected as individuals to complete disclosure forms.

Some large multi-author groups designate authorship by a group name, with or without the names of individuals. When submitting a manuscript authored by a group, the corresponding author should specify the group name if one exists, and clearly identify the group members who can take credit and responsibility for the work as authors. The byline of the article identifies who is directly responsible for the manuscript, and MEDLINE lists as authors whichever names appear on the byline. If the byline includes a group name, MEDLINE will list the names of individual group members who are authors or who are collaborators, sometimes called non-author contributors, if there is a note associated with the byline clearly stating that the individual names are elsewhere in the paper and whether those names are authors or collaborators.

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🚹 Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors

2️⃣ Who Is an Author? (2 of 3)

The individuals who conduct the work are responsible for identifying who meets these criteria and ideally should do so when planning the work, making modifications as appropriate as the work progresses. We encourage collaboration and co-authorship with colleagues in the locations where the research is conducted. It is the collective responsibility of the authors, not the journal to which the work is submitted, to determine that all people named as authors meet all four criteria; it is not the role of journal editors to determine who qualifies or does not qualify for authorship or to arbitrate authorship conflicts. If agreement cannot be reached about who qualifies for authorship, the institution(s) where the work was performed, not the journal editor, should be asked to investigate. The criteria used to determine the order in which authors are listed on the byline may vary, and are to be decided collectively by the author group and not by editors. If authors request removal or addition of an author after manuscript submission or publication, journal editors should seek an explanation and signed statement of agreement for the requested change from all listed authors and from the author to be removed or added.

The corresponding author is the one individual who takes primary responsibility for communication with the journal during the manuscript submission, peer review, and publication process. The corresponding author typically ensures that all the journal’s administrative requirements, such as providing details of authorship, ethics committee approval, clinical trial registration documentation, and disclosures of relationships and activities are properly completed and reported, although these duties may be delegated to one or more coauthors. The corresponding author should be available throughout the submission and peer review process to respond to editorial queries in a timely way, and should be available after publication to respond to critiques of the work and cooperate with any requests from the journal for data or additional information should questions about the paper arise after publication. Although the corresponding author has primary responsibility for correspondence with the journal, the ICMJE recommends that editors send copies of all correspondence to all listed authors.

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🚹 Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors

2️⃣ Who Is an Author? (1 of 3)

🔆 The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria:

🔺Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND

🔺Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND

🔺Final approval of the version to be published; AND

🔺 Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work he or she has done, an author should be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work. In addition, authors should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors.

All those designated as authors should meet all four criteria for authorship, and all who meet the four criteria should be identified as authors. Those who do not meet all four criteria should be acknowledged—see Section II.A.3 below. These authorship criteria are intended to reserve the status of authorship for those who deserve credit and can take responsibility for the work. The criteria are not intended for use as a means to disqualify colleagues from authorship who otherwise meet authorship criteria by denying them the opportunity to meet criterion #s 2 or 3. Therefore, all individuals who meet the first criterion should have the opportunity to participate in the review, drafting, and final approval of the manuscript.

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🚹 Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors

1️⃣ Why Authorship Matters

Authorship confers credit and has important academic, social, and financial implications. Authorship also implies responsibility and accountability for published work. The following recommendations are intended to ensure that contributors who have made substantive intellectual contributions to a paper are given credit as authors, but also that contributors credited as authors understand their role in taking responsibility and being accountable for what is published.

Because authorship does not communicate what contributions qualified an individual to be an author, some journals now request and publish information about the contributions of each person named as having participated in a submitted study, at least for original research. Editors are strongly encouraged to develop and implement a contributorship policy. Such policies remove much of the ambiguity surrounding contributions, but leave unresolved the question of the quantity and quality of contribution that qualify an individual for authorship. The ICMJE has thus developed criteria for authorship that can be used by all journals, including those that distinguish authors from other contributors.

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#انگیزه_نامه یا SOP چیست؟

🚩 یکی از مهمترین مدارک لازم برای اخذ #پذیرش_تحصیلی انگیزه نامه است

📋 درواقع انگیزه نامه نوشتاری است که دلیل اخذ پذیرش تحصیلی را برای دانشگاه مقصد به‌ وضوح بیان می‌کند و به این سؤالات پاسخ می‌دهد:

🔹 چرا این دانشگاه را برای ادامه تحصیل انتخاب کرده‌اید؟

🔹 چرا این رشته تحصیلی و این گرایش تحصیلی را انتخاب کردید؟

🔹 چه سابقه‌ای در این زمینه‌ علمی دارید؟

🔹چه برنامه‌ای برای آینده حرفه‌ای خوددارید؟

👨‍🎓هیئت بررسی‌کننده پذیرش تحصیلی با توجه به انگیزه نامه می‌تواند تشخیص دهد که شما برای تحصیل در دانشگاه مناسب هستید یا خیر؟

♦️تنها پاسخ‌دهی به نمونه سؤالات نوشته شده نمی‌تواند موفقیتی در پی داشته باشد بلکه می‌بایست انگیزه نامه را به‌نوعی منحصربه‌فرد تنظیم کرد.

🔺برخی از دانشگاه ها درباره اینکه اظهارنامه ی آنها باید چه اطلاعاتی داشته باشد، به دانشجویان توصیه هایی ارائه می دهند اما شما برای یک نگارش خود باید حرفه و اهداف تحقیقاتی، تحصیلات فعلی و مجموعه مهارت های خود را خلاصه کنید و علاقه ی خود به دوره، دانشگاه و دپارتمان را توضیح دهید.

💢 قبل از دست به قلم بردن، مطمئن شوید که متنی متشکل از همه ی جزئیات شامل #مقدمه، #بدنه و #نتیجه گیری را خلاصه کرده اید.

☢️ یکی از روش های نگارش #انگیزه_نامه:

📙 در پاراگراف اول، اهداف و ایده ی پایان نامه ی خود را شرح دهید.

📘 در پاراگراف های بعدی توضیح دهید که چگونه مدرک قبلی شما را برای پژوهش های آتی آماده کرده است و همچنین جزئیات هر دوره یا مدرکی که گذرانده اید را نیز شرح دهید.

📗 با توضیح علت اینکه چرا فکر می کنید دانشگاه مورد بحث بهترین مکان برای پژوهش های شما خواهد بود و همچینن ذکر کردن هر یک از منابع، اساتید و تسهیلاتی که دوست دارید از آنها بهره مند شوید، نوشته ی خود را به پایان برسانید.

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