Punjab judiciary📚

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⌛️1951 - State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan
- This was the first major case on reservation
- Amended Article 15(4)

⌛️1963 - M.R. Balaji v. State of Mysore
- This set a 50% ceiling on reservation
- Held that Articles 15(4) and 16(4) are "Special Provisions"
- The concept of "creamy layer" was indirectly introduced

⌛️ 1976 - State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas
- Held that an expansive substantive reading of the equality code is required
- Upheld reservations in promotions for SC/ST employees

⌛️ 1992 - Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (Mandal Commission Case)
- Upheld 27% reservation in OBC category
- Excluded "creamy layer" from OBC reservation
- Prohibited reservations in promotions
- Held that economic criteria cannot be the only basis for identifying backward classes

⌛️ 2006 - M. Nagaraj v. Union of India
- Upheld the constitutional amendments allowing reservations in promotions for SC/ST
- Backwardness, inadequate representation, efficiency integral

⌛️ 2018 - Jarnail Singh v. Lachhmi Narain Gupta
- Clarified M.Nagaraj while upholding validity of Article 16(4A)

⌛️ 2019 - Dr. Jaishri Laxmanrao Patil v. Chief Minister
- Upheld Maratha reservation by breaching 50% ceiling
- Later overruled

⌛️ 2021 - Neil Aurelio Nunes v. Union of India
- Upheld 27% OBC and 10% EWS reservations in All India Quota for Medical admissions

⌛️ 2024 - State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh
- Overruled E.V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2006)
- Allowed sub-classification of SC/ST
- States have power to indentify and categorize backwardness

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