Participle phrases There are three kinds of participles:
1)
Present participle 2) past participle 3) perfect participle 1. The present participle (Active participle) Replaces: Subject + active verb Present participles usually end in -ing
It is used:
a) As adjective:
Example
1. The leaking roof is to be repaired.
2. I have not any interest to attend that boring class.
3. He has written three interesting stories in his book.
b) To join two sentences that have the same subject:
1. Cleaning the whiteboard, the teacher started writing note on it.
2. Turning on the TV, Bikiltu started watching the movie.
3. Finishing the lecture, the instructor left the class.
Here, the first action is expressed using the present participle phrase2.
The past participle phrase (Passive participle): Replaces: Subject + passive verb
The past participle phrase replaces subject + passive verb.
Past participles (usually ending in "-ed," "-d," "-t," "-en," or "-n")
e.g. The risen cake - The motivated teacher -The broken car
Jira was motivated by the school’s reward. Jira continued working harder.
The girl was helped by her friends. The girl was able to finish her work on time.
Bulch was punished by his aunt. Bulch refused to help her.
1. Motivated by the school’s reward, Jira continued working harder.
2. Helped by her friends, the girl was able to finish her work on time.
3. The perfect participle phrase (active or passive)
Perfect participle is divided into two. 1) Perfect participle active
2) Perfect participle passive
1) Perfect participle active: Form: having + past participle The perfect participle active is used to express a sequence of actions i.e. when one
action happens before another. The first action is expressed by the perfect participle
phrase (having + V3).
Example:
1. Having finished the class, Maritu came back from school.
2. Having repaired the broken TV, Sara gave it to her cousin to take it home.
2)
The perfect participle passive: Form: having been + past participle Having been + past participle replaces subject + passive verb.
Example 1, Having been advised by his mother, Jira started to behave properly.
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