🏖Biology common Terms for Grade 12 Entrance Examinations
1. Cell: The basic unit of life; the smallest structure capable of performing all life processes.
2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): A molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms and is responsible for heredity.
3. Gene: A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or function.
4. Chromosome: A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information; humans typically have 46 chromosomes.
5. Mitosis: A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair.
6. Meiosis: A specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes (sperm and eggs).
7. Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids, essential for structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.
8. Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in biological processes.
9. Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using carbon dioxide and water.
10. Respiration: The biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
11. Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism despite external changes.
12. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their physical environment.
13. Biodiversity: The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem, including the number of species and genetic diversity.
14. Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
15. Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits and may affect an organism's ability to survive.
16. Allele: Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.
17. Phenotype: The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and environment.
18. Genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism, representing the alleles inherited from its parents.
19. Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food from inorganic substances, typically through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
20. Heterotroph: An organism that cannot produce its food and must consume other organisms for energy.
21. Cell Membrane: A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.
22. Nucleus: The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
23. Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.
24. Organelle: Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes).
25. Vesicle: A small membrane-bound sac within a cell that transports materials to different locations inside the cell.
26. Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and neutralizes foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
27. Hormone: A chemical messenger produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulates physiological processes in the body.
28. Symbiosis: A close interaction between two different species, which can be mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
29. Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at the same time.
30. Trophic Level: The position an organism occupies in a food chain, determined by its feeding relationships (e.g., producers, primary consumers).
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1. Cell: The basic unit of life; the smallest structure capable of performing all life processes.
2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): A molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms and is responsible for heredity.
3. Gene: A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or function.
4. Chromosome: A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information; humans typically have 46 chromosomes.
5. Mitosis: A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair.
6. Meiosis: A specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes (sperm and eggs).
7. Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids, essential for structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.
8. Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in biological processes.
9. Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using carbon dioxide and water.
10. Respiration: The biochemical process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
11. Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism despite external changes.
12. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their physical environment.
13. Biodiversity: The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem, including the number of species and genetic diversity.
14. Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
15. Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits and may affect an organism's ability to survive.
16. Allele: Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.
17. Phenotype: The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype and environment.
18. Genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism, representing the alleles inherited from its parents.
19. Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food from inorganic substances, typically through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
20. Heterotroph: An organism that cannot produce its food and must consume other organisms for energy.
21. Cell Membrane: A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.
22. Nucleus: The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
23. Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.
24. Organelle: Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes).
25. Vesicle: A small membrane-bound sac within a cell that transports materials to different locations inside the cell.
26. Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and neutralizes foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
27. Hormone: A chemical messenger produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulates physiological processes in the body.
28. Symbiosis: A close interaction between two different species, which can be mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
29. Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at the same time.
30. Trophic Level: The position an organism occupies in a food chain, determined by its feeding relationships (e.g., producers, primary consumers).
https://t.me/ETHIO_EDUCATION_HUB