Telegram channel "Upsc environment" — @Upsc_4_environment

Upsc environment

23 Apr 2021, 06:36

🔆National Marine Turtle Action Plan

▪️Why news

✅ The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has released ‘Marine Mega Fauna Stranding Guidelines’ and ‘National Marine Turtle Action Plan’.

✅ The documents contain ways and means to guide improved coordination amongst the government, civil society, and all relevant stakeholders on the response to cases of stranding, entanglement, injury or mortality of marine mammals, and also conservation of marine turtles.

✅These two documents highlight:

1. actions to be taken for handling stranded animals on the shore, stranded or entangled animals in the sea or on a boat,
2. management actions for improved coordination,
3. reducing threats to marine species and their habitats,
4. rehabilitation of degraded habitats,
5. enhancing people’s participation,
6. advance scientific research and exchange of information on marine mammals and marine turtles and their habitats.

▪️Status of turtles in India

✅Five species of Indian turtles along with their IUCN status are as follows:
1. Olive Ridley – Vulnerable
2. Green turtle – Endangered
3. Loggerhead – Vulnerable
4. Hawksbill – Critically Endangered
5. Leather back – Vulnerable
✅They are protected in Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, under Schedule I.
✅They are also protected under the Biodiversity Conservation and Ganga Rejuvenation programme.

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Upsc environment

22 Apr 2021, 17:39

🔆Subsidy policy for Urea

✅Union Cabinet has given its approval for the formulation of an exclusive subsidy policy for Urea produced through coal gasification route by Talcher Fertilizers Limited (TFL)
✅The project shall improve availability of fertilizer to farmers there by boosting development of eastern region and will save transport subsidy for supply of urea in eastern part of the country.
✅This project will help in leading to savings in foreign exchange by reducing urea imports to 12.7 Imt per year.
✅Talcher Fertilizers Ltd. (TFL)
It is a Joint Venture Company of four PSUs namely Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers (RCF), GAIL (India) Ltd (GAIL), Coal India Ltd. (CIL) & Fertilizer Corporation of India Ltd. (FCIL)
✅TFL is reviving the erstwhile Talcher plant of Fertilizer Corporation of India Ltd. (FCIL) by setting up a new greenfield Urea Plant with an installed capacity of 12.7 Lakh Metric Ton per annum (LMTPA).

#agriculture

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Upsc environment

19 Apr 2021, 03:30

🔆BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA

✅India, a mega diverse country with only 2.4% of the world's land area, accounts for 7-8% of all recorded species, including over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals.
✅The country’s diverse physical features and climatic conditions have resulted in a variety of ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, grasslands, desert, coastal and marine ecosystems.
✅Four of 34 globally identified biodiversity hotspots: The Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the North-East, and the Nicobar Islands, can be found in India.
✅In terms of species richness, India ranks seventh in mammals, ninth in birds and fifth in reptiles.

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Upsc environment

19 Apr 2021, 03:30

🔆National Solar Mission:

✅ To promote development & use of solar energy for power generation & other uses.
✅Inaugurated in 2010 with a target of 20GW by 2022. Later increased to 100 GW in 2015.
✅ MNRE has proposed to achieve 60 GW from large and medium scale solar projects, and 40 GW through rooftop solar projects.
😅Committed to Nationally Determined Contributions (Paris Accord), India made a pledge that by 2030, 40%
of installed power generation capacity shall be based on clean sources.
✅ It was determined that 175 GW of renewable energy capacity will be installed by 2022.
✅This includes 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from bio-power and 5 GW from small hydro power.
✅India is at 5th global position for overall installed renewable energy capacity.

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Upsc environment

18 Apr 2021, 03:30

🔆INDIA’S POSITION ON CLIMATE CHANGE

✅India is world’s third largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs), after China and the US.
✅Major sources of emissions - Coal power plants, rice paddies, cattle.
✅Per-capita emissions remain below global average.
✅ Displacement and extinction of animal population due to habitat loss adds more species to ‘threatened’ and ‘extinct’ list.
✅Spread of diseases like malaria, etc. puts stress on health sector.
✅The country has pledged a 33-35% reduction in the “emissions intensity” of its economy by 2030, compared to 2005 levels.
✅Increase tree cover to create an additional cumulative carbon sink of 2,500-3,000Mt CO2 by 2030.
✅India also aims to install 5GW of offshore wind by 2022 and 30GW by 2030. None has yet been installed.
✅The country could integrate 390GW of low-cost wind and solar generation into its grid by 2030, according to the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI).
✅India’s climate pledge notes that around 70% of its population depends on traditional biomass energy, which is inefficient and causes high levels of indoor air pollution.
✅ India is targeting 10GW of such bioenergy by 2022.
✅India has around 4.5GW of small hydro plants (below 25MW), against a 5GW target for 2022.

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Upsc environment

18 Apr 2021, 03:30

🔆Kolar Leaf-Nosed Bat

▪️Why news?

✅The Karnataka Forest Department, along with the Bat Conservation India Trust (BCIT), is on a war footing to save the Kolar Leaf-Nosed Bat from extinction.

▪️ About

✅Common Name: Kolar leaf-nosed bat or leafletted leaf-nosed bat.
✅Scientific Name: Hipposideros hypophyllus.
✅It is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae.
✅Habitat: Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and caves.
✅ It is endemic to India.
✅ It is found only in one cave in Hanumanahalli village in the Kolar district of Karnataka.
✅Its population is less than 200 individuals.
✅IUCN Red List: critically endangered

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Upsc environment

17 Apr 2021, 03:30

🔆Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphins:

✅Habitat: The Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphin occurs within the Indian Ocean from South Africa to India.

▪️Conservation Status:

✅IUCN Red List: Endangered
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I

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Upsc environment

17 Apr 2021, 03:30

🔆Indo- Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins:

✅Habitat: Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins generally occur in shallow coastal waters of the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and Australia.

▪️Conservation Status:

✅IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
✅CITES: Appendix II

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Upsc environment

17 Apr 2021, 03:30

🔆Irrawaddy Dolphins:

✅Habitat: Irrawaddy dolphins are found in coastal areas in South and Southeast Asia, and in three rivers: the Ayeyarwady (Myanmar), the Mahakam (Indonesian Borneo) and the Mekong.
✅The Mekong River Irrawaddy dolphins inhabit a 118-mile stretch of the river between Cambodia and Lao PDR.

▪️Conservation Status:

✅IUCN Red List: Endangered
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅CMS (Convention on Migratory Species): Appendix I
✅Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I

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Upsc environment

16 Apr 2021, 08:18

🔆Black-Necked Crane

Why news

✅A group of Buddhist monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government’s renewed push for hydropower projects.
✅ Most of these projects are proposed to be constructed in the Tawangchu and Nyamjangchu river basins, the nesting sites of the endangered black-necked crane.

▪️About Black-Necked Crane

✅Habitat and Distribution: The high altitude wetlands in the Tibetan plateau are the main breeding ground of the species. These wetlands with small mounds provide an excellent habitat to the birds for breeding.
✅This species is found in India, China and Bhutan.

▪️Conservation Status
✅ Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.
✅IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.

▪️Threats:
✅Damage to the eggs and chicks, caused by feral dogs. These dogs are owned both by armed forces as well as by the local nomads.

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Upsc environment

16 Apr 2021, 07:30

🔆Caracal included in list of critically endangered species

▪️Why news

✅ The caracal, a medium-sized wildcat was recently included in the list of critically endangered
species.
✅Agencies: The National Board for Wildlife and Union Ministry of Environment
✅It is found in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat.

▪️Important value additions

✅Some experts believe that the animal is on the verge of extinction in India.
✅The recovery programme for critically endangered species in India now includes 22 wildlife
species.
✅Besides India, the caracal is found across Africa, the Middle East, Central and South Asia.
✅While it flourishes in parts of Africa, its numbers in Asia are declining.
✅The wildcat has long legs, a short face, long canine teeth, and distinctive ears — long and pointy, with tufts of black hair at their tips.

Source

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Upsc environment

15 Apr 2021, 17:43

🔆CLIMATE MAPPING CAN POINT TO DANGER SPOTS OF AFRICA’S CYCADS

✅CONTEXT: Cycads which are the world’s oldest seed-producing plants are facing extinction.

▪️African Cycad

✅Taxa: It belongs to the most prominent taxa of Cycad.
✅Genus: It comes under the genus Encephalartos.
✅Endemism: Cycad is endemic to Africa.
✅Global Hotspot: Africa is considered home to a variety of cycad species and South
Africa is considered as a global hotspot for cycad diversity.
✅Conservation Status: It is categorized under the “critically endangered” category by
the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
✅Threat:The biggest threat to their survival is poaching, mainly cutting of the wild old
trees.
✅Use: They are used in traditional medicine markets and as ornamental plants in
gardens.

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Upsc environment

15 Apr 2021, 17:09

🔆Hypnea Indica; Hypnea Bullata: Two new species of seaweed

▪️In news

✅Two new species of seaweed have been discovered by a group of marine biologists from Central University of Punjab, Bathinda.

▪️Key takeaways

✅Named Hypnea indica (after India) and Hypnea bullata (because of the blisterlike marks on its body – bullate), the seaweeds are part of the genus Hypnea or red seaweeds.
✅ Hypnea indica was discovered in Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, and Somnath Pathan and Sivrajpur in Gujarat.
✅ Hypnea bullata was discovered from Kanyakumari and Diu island of Daman and Diu.
✅ They grow in the intertidal regions of the coast, namely the area that is submerged during the high tide and exposed during low tides.
✅ The genus Hypnea consists of calcareous, erect, branched red seaweeds.

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Upsc environment

15 Apr 2021, 17:06

🔆Himalayan Serow

▪️In news

✅Himalayan serow was spotted in the Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam recently.

▪️Important value additions

✅The Himalayan serow is a subspecies of the mainland serow native to the Himalayas.
✅Common name: Himalayan Serow
✅ Scientific name: Capricornis sumatraensi thar.
✅Local name: Jingal, Yemu
✅It has an appearance of a goat with long, donkey like ears.
✅ It has a habit of standing with forelegs making it an ungainly goat antelope.
✅ Its coarse coat varies from black to red.
✅IUCN status: Vulnerable
✅It is listed in CITES Appendix I
✅ It is listed under Schedule I of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which provides absolute
protection.
✅Previously assessed as 'near threatened', the Himalayan serow is now been categorised as 'vulnerable' in the IUCN Red List.

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Upsc environment

15 Apr 2021, 16:28

🔆Biodiversity Heritage Site

✅ News: An area at Amboli in Western ghats in Sindhudurg district as a Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS).

✅Declared by Maharashtra government
✅BHS are areas that are
1. Unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems
2. Terrestrial, coastal, and inland and marine waters
3. Having rich biodiversity.

✅The biodiversity contains:
1. Species richness - Wild and domesticated species or intra-specific categories.
2. High endemism,
Presence of rare, endemic and
threatened species, keystone species of evolutionary significance.
3. Presence of wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated species or land races or their varieties.
4. Biological components represented by fossil beds and having cultural or aesthetic values.
5. Area with significant cultural, ethical or aesthetic values
important for the maintenance of cultural diversity.

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Upsc environment

15 Apr 2021, 16:25

🔆Protected wetlands

✅News: Srinagar’s Dal Lake along with five other ones in Jammu and Kashmir is to be declared protected wetlands.

✅Other lakes - Wular Lake, Nigeen Lake; Sanasar Lake, Manasbal Lake and Purmandal lake or Chotta Kashil.

✅Decided by: Jammu and Kashmir Wetland Authority, chaired by Chief Secretary.

✅Various wetlands of Jammu and Kashmir and recommend their notification under,
1. Environment Protection Act, 1986 and
2. Wetland (Conversation & Management) rules.

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Upsc environment

15 Apr 2021, 16:15

🔆Bar Headed Goose

✅The Bar Headed Goose (Anser indicus) are wintering at the freshwater lake Hadinaru (which takes its name after a village near Mysuru).
✅Origin - Central China and Mongolia (Breeding happens here)
✅They can fly at very high altitude. They make the world's highest bird migration.
✅They return to their homes by crossing the Himalayan ranges.
[April marks the return of migratory bird species visiting India, back to their breeding grounds.]
✅IUCN Red List Status - Least Concern

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Upsc environment

15 Apr 2021, 16:10

🔆Greater One Horned Rhino:

✅One Horned Rhino also known as Indian Rhino is a rhinoceros species native to the Indian subcontinent.

✅The Habitat of this species is restricted to small habitats in Indo-Nepal terai and northern West Bengal and Assam.

✅IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I

✅New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019: Under the declaration, India will collaborate with Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, and Malaysia for conservation and protection of three Asian rhino species-

✅Greater one-horned rhinoceros,

✅Javan rhinoceros( listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List) and

✅Sumatran rhinoceros (listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List).

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Upsc environment

15 Apr 2021, 16:06

🔆Asiatic Lions

✅ Population of the majestic Asiatic Lion, living in Gujarat’s Gir Forest, has increased (from 523 in 2015 to 674 lions in recent count, up by almost 29%). The lion population in the state of Gujarat has doubled since 2001.
✅The geographical distribution area for Gir forests’s lions has been increased by 36% (from
22,000 sq. km in 2015 to 30,000 sq. km in 2020).
✅The count was estimated from a population observation exercise called Poonam Avlokan in place of the 15th Lion Census.
✅ Poonam Avlokan is a monthly in-house exercise carried out every full moon. It was a mechanism developed by the Forest Department in 2014 as part of preparations for the 2015 Lion Census.

▪️ Protection Status:

✅ IUCN Red List: Endangered
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I

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Upsc environment

15 Apr 2021, 16:05

🔆Fishing Cats

✅The Odisha forest department has started a two-year conservation project for fishing cats in Bhitarkanika National Park.
✅The fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast Asia.
✅It lives foremost in the vicinity of wetlands, along rivers, streams, oxbow lakes, in swamps, and mangroves.
✅It is nocturnal and twice the size of a house cat and apart from fish also preys on frogs, crustaceans, snakes, birds, and scavenges on carcasses of larger animals.

▪️Protection Status:

✅IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
✅CITES: Appendix II
✅Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
✅West Bengal launched the Fishing Cat Project in 2010 and declared the Fishing Cat as the State Animal in 2012.

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