#زبان
PASSAGE 1:
Cognitive treatment approaches teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves. Unlike behavior therapists, which focus on modifying external behavior, cognitive therapists attempt to change the way people think as well as their behavior. Because they often use basic principles of learning, the methods they employ are sometimes referred to as the cognitive- behavioral approach. Accordingly, cognitive treatments seek to change the thought patterns that lead to getting “stuck” in dysfunctional ways of thinking. Therapists systematically teach clients to challenge their assumptions and adopt new approaches to old problems. Therapy tends to be highly structured and focused on concrete problems. Therapists often begin by teaching the theory behind the approach and then continue to take an active role throughout the course of therapy by acting as a combination of teacher, coach, and partner. One good example of cognitive treatment, rational-emotive behavior therapy, attempts to restructure a person’s belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views. According to psychologist Albert Ellis, many people lead unhappy lives and suffer from psychological disorders because they harbor irrational, unrealistic ideas, such irrational beliefs trigger negative emotions, which in turn support the irrational beliefs and lead to a self-defeating cycle. Another influential form of therapy that builds on a cognitive perspective is that of Aaron Beck. Like rational-emotive behavior therapy, Beck’s cognitive therapy aims to change people’s illogical thoughts about themselves and the world. However, cognitive therapy is considerably less confrontational than rational-emotive behavior therapy. Instead of the therapist actively arguing with clients about their dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive therapists more often play the role of teacher. Therapists urge clients to obtain information on their own that will lead them to discard their inaccurate thinking through a process of cognitive appraisal. In cognitive appraisal, clients are asked to evaluate situations, themselves, and others in terms of their memories, values, beliefs, thoughts, and expectations. During the course of treatment, therapists help clients discover ways of thinking more appropriately about themselves and others.
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