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Hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle


Hormonal events in the ovarian cycle

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone; LH - luteinizing hormone.


Skin wound healing

(a) Division of stratum basale cells and migration across wound
(b) Thickening of epidermis


Sectional view of skin and subcutaneous layer


Body Compartments - Compartments Are Separated by Membranes


Body Compartments - FUNCTIONAL


Body Compartments - ANATOMICAL


A positive feedback loop

One example of a positive feedback loop involves the hormonal control of uterine contractions during childbirth. When the baby is ready to be delivered, it drops lower in the uterus and begins to put pressure on the cervix, the opening of the uterus. Sensory signals from the cervix to the brain cause release of the hormone oxytocin, which causes the uterus to contract and push the baby’s head even harder against the cervix, further stretching it. The increased stretch causes more oxytocin release, which causes more contractions that push the baby harder against the cervix. This cycle continues until finally the baby is delivered, releasing the stretch on the cervix and stopping the positive feedback loop.


Basal ganglia and nearby structures


The hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is the primary visceral control center of the body. It is crucial for the homeostasis of the body, affecting nearly all body tissues. It is located below the thalamus, capping the brain stem, and forming the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle.


The reticular activating system

The reticular formation is mostly composed of white matter and extends through the core of the brain stem. A section of this formation, known as the reticular activating system, continually supplies impulses to the cerebral cortex to enhance its excitability. The reticular activating system also filters sensory inputs. It is inhibited by sleep centers of the hypothalamus and other regions and is affected by CNS depressants. The reticular formation also has a motor section, projecting to the spinal cord via the reticulospinal tracts.


The limbic system

On
the medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and the diencephalon are a group of structures that comprise the limbic system. The upper part of the brain stem is encircled by the structures of the limbic system. An almond-shaped nucleus on the tail of the caudate nucleus, known as the amygdaloid body, is part of the limbic system. Other parts include the various sections of the rhinencephalon. In the diencephalon, the primary limbic structures are the anterior thalamic nuclei and the hypothalamus. Fiber tracts such as the fornix link all these regions. The rhinencephalon includes the cingulate gyrus, septal nuclei, the C-shaped hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the parahippocampal gyrus.


The life cycle of Plasmodium


The brain stem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain


Cranial nerves


Ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts of the spinal cord


Cross-section of the spinal cord


The spinal cord and its protective structures


The CNS is protected by the meninges


Structure of a nail (distal phalanx, Phalanx distalis)

(a) View from above.
(b) Sagittal section

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