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Cultured American

3 May 2023, 20:52

George Washington and many of the Founding Fathers questioned European mass migration in their letters, diaries, and other documented sources. The Founders feared heterogenous society will erode the unity of the newly formed United States. The American Republic and their Identity are linked with the English, Ulster-Scots, Scots, and Ulster-Irish, as the Founders opposed mass migration that would demographically replace the Anglo-Saxon people in the United States.

Source: George Washington to John Adams, 15 November 1794

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Cultured American

2 May 2023, 07:07

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A Key into the Language of America (1643) - Roger Williams

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Cultured American

2 May 2023, 07:02

A Key into the Language of America (1643) - Roger Williams is a book describing the Native American languages in New England in the 17th century, largely Narragansett, an Algonquian language. The book is the first published colonial study of a Native American language in English.

Roger Williams was a Puritan who was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded Providence Plantations which grew into the Colony of Rhode Island. He believed that the king had no right to grant title to Indian land without paying for it. He interacted extensively with the Narragansett and Wampanoag tribes as a missionary, friend, and trader. He extolled some elements of Indian culture as superior to European culture, and he wrote a complementary poem at the end of each chapter within the book.

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Cultured American

2 May 2023, 06:29

Battle of Mystic Fort – took place on May 26, 1637, during the Pequot War, when Connecticut colonizers under Captain John Mason and their Narragansett and Mohegan allies set fire to the Pequot Fort near the Mystic River. They shot anyone who tried to escape the wooden palisade fortress and murdered most of the village.

Context:

The Pequots were the dominant warlike and aggressive Native American tribe in the southeastern portion of Connecticut Colony, and they had long competed with the neighboring Mohegan and Narragansett tribes. The Pequots eventually allied with the Dutch colonists, while the Mohegans and others allied with the New England colonists. A trader named John Oldham was murdered and his trading ship looted by Pequots, and retaliation raids ensued by Colonists and their Native American allies. On April 23, 1637, 200 Pequot warriors attacked the colonial village of Wethersfield killing 6 men and 3 women, all noncombatants.

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Cultured American

28 Apr 2023, 07:33

They (Puritans) described Massachusetts as a godly commonwealth, but the Puritans were bound in covenant with God – and with each other – to form a civil government that ensured the public welfare. This is crucial. They incorporated some biblical law into their government, but they relied on English common law; ministers did not sit as judges in their courts, and ministers did not serve as magistrates. England, where the monarch was head of the church, archbishops were leaders in government, and if someone was excommunicated they lost their property, position, and sometimes their lives. England closely resembles a theocracy than the Massachusetts Colony.

While it’s true that the first generation of Massachusetts men were required in 1631 to be full church members in order to vote or hold political office, that requirement was modified in 1658 and permanently retired in by 1664. Religion and politics were formally separate, and ministers had no power to install or remove anyone in political office.

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Cultured American

28 Apr 2023, 07:25

MYTH NO. 4: Puritans established a theocracy

Fact No. 4: The Puritan government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony is described as a theocracy in textbooks, documentaries, commentaries – you name it. But despite all you’ve heard, this is wrong.

A theocracy is a government run by religious authorities who claim divine sanction of their political power. But in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, no minister could run for political office. No person who was censured or excommunicated by his church could lose his political office because of his religious difficulties.

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Cultured American

28 Apr 2023, 07:22

MYTH NO. 3: Puritans banished Anne Hutchinson for being a feminist

Fact No. 3: The one Puritan most Americans know by name is Anne Hutchinson. They learned in high school that Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts for daring to lead religious meetings when women were forbidden by the Puritan government from doing so.

This is untrue. The Massachusetts Puritans had no laws against women gathering together to study scripture. In fact, women often came together to discuss the latest sermon they’d heard, share their stories of spiritual seeking, and support each other. Long story short, Hutchinson was banished because she was a crucial source and supporter of a rebellion against the religious and political structures of the colony that nearly led to civil war, and was brought to court for slandering the colony’s ministers, all but two of whom she had claimed were “anti-christs.”

During her civil trial, she claimed that God spoke to her directly and said that if she was harmed in any way by the colony’s government, God would destroy the colony. This was both blasphemy (the Puritans didn’t believe that God spoke directly to any person) and treason (threatening the state), and she was banished for that, as were a handful of her unrepentant male followers.

Hutchinson also believed that anyone Christ had saved literally became Christ, and therefore could not be punished for any crime, including murder.

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Cultured American

28 Apr 2023, 07:17

MYTH NO. 2: Puritans constantly persecuted and burned women as witches

Fact No. 2: Because of the infamous Salem witch trials of 1692, in which 20 people accused of witchcraft were executed, the New England Puritans are often singled out as an ignorant, hostile, and superstitious people prone to witchcraft “hysteria.”

It’s true that the Puritans believed in witchcraft, as did every society in Europe at the time (and as do many societies today). Rather than being hysterical about it, the Puritans took witchcraft seriously: accusations of witchcraft were thoroughly investigated, and usually dismissed. The number of witchcraft cases that made it to court in Puritan New England is very small. From the first witchcraft trial in New England in 1638 to the last in 1697 – excluding Salem’s 20 victims – 65 people were tried, out of a population of tens of thousands. More than half were acquitted; 16 were executed. They were not burned – no person was ever burned in New England.

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Cultured American

28 Apr 2023, 06:25

MYTH NO. 1: Puritans came to America to establish freedom of religion

Fact No. 1: The Puritans didn’t leave England to found a society where all religions would be tolerated. That is, they did not come to North America “in search of religious freedom.” They came here so they could practice their own religion freely, which is a very different thing.

The Massachusetts colony promised the Puritans the possibility of a godly state where their “true” religion could be preserved. It was therefore crucial to them that in New England only their style of reformed Anglican worship, which came to be called Congregationalism, be practiced unopposed.

The Puritans’ ability to enforce a single religion in their colonies was short-lived. Not only did Quakers, Baptists and other non-Puritans move in (with mixed results), but when Charles II came to the throne in 1660 he turned his attention on Congregationalism, and that spelled the eventual end of its religious domination in New England.

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