Anatomy embryology histology videos & books

Correct Answer- A
In adults, the elbow is the second most frequently dislocated major joint, after the shoulder.
It is the most commonly dislocated joint in children. More than 90% of all elbow dislocations
are posterior dislocations.


This injury entails disengagement of the coronoid process of the ulna from the trochlea of
the humerus with movement posteriorly.
The mechanism of injury is typically a fall onto an outstretched hand with the elbow in
extension upon impact.

Correct Answer -D
Ans. is `d' i.e., Retinal pigmented epithelium
Derivatives of neuroectoderm
1. From neural tube : CNS (brain, spinal cord), astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, retina, pineal gland,
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), all cranial and spinal motor
nerves.
2. From neural crest : Neural crest derivatives are :?
3. Neural derivatives
* Sensory neurons of 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th cranial nerve ganglia
(trigeminal, geniculate, sphenopalatine, submandibular, cochlear,
vestibular, otic and vagal parasympathetic ganglia).
* Sensory neurons of spinal dorsal root ganglia
* Sympathetic chain ganglia and plexus (celiac/preaortic/renal
ganglia, enteric plexus in GIT, i.e.Auerbachs and Meissner's)
* Parasympathetic ganglia and plexus of GIT.
* Schwann cells of peripheral nerves, satellite cells of all ganglia
* Adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells, para follicular C-cells of thyroid
gland.
* Melanocytes and melanoblasts

rrect Answer-D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Uncinate process
Development of pancreas
• Pancreas is developed from the two pancreatic buds.
.. Dorsal pancreatic bud :- It is larger and most of the pancreas is
derived from it i.e. most of the head, and whole neck, body & tail.
2. Ventral pancreatic bud :- It is smaller and forms lower part of the
head of pancreas including uncinate process
• uring 7th week of development, the ventral and dorsal pancreatic
buds fuse to form a single pancreatic mass
• After the fusion of ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds, their ducts
develop cross communications. Final duct system is formed as
below ?
.. Main pancreatic duct (Duct of wirsung) is formed by the duct of
ventral bud, distal part of duct of dorsal bud and an oblique
communication between the two. The main pancreatic duct join the
bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla that enters th 2nd part of
duodenum at major duodenal papilla.
‣. Accessory pancreatic duct is formed by the proximal part of the duct
of dorsal bud. It opens into 2nd part of duodenum at minor duodenal
papilla, 2 cm proximal (cranial) to major duodenal papilla.
Anomalies of pancreatic development may be:
.. Annular pancreas :- Two components of the ventral bud fail to fuse


and grow in oppsite direction arround the duodenum and meet the
dorsal pancreatic duct.
?. Pancreatic divisum (divided pancreas) :- Ventral and dorsal buds fail
to fuse with each other. It is the most common congenital anomaly of
pancreas.
3. Inversion of pancreatic duct :- The main pancreatic duct is formed
the duct of dorsal bud, i.e. accessory duct is larger than the main
duct and the main drainage of pancreas is through the minor
duodenal papilla.
I.Accessory pancreatic tissue :- May be found in ?
• Wall of stomach, duodenum, jejunum or ileum

Correct Answer-D
Ans. is 'd'` i.e., Para-aortic
Lymphatics of the ovary drain to para-aortic nodes alongside the
origin of the ovarian artery (L2).

Nerve supplying muscles of gluteal region are :-
• Inferior gluteal nerve : Gluteus maximus.
• Superior gluteal nerve : Gluteus medius and minimus
• Nerve to piriformis : Piriformis
• Nerve to obturator internus : Obturator internus, Gemellus superior.
•| Nerve to quadratus femoris : Quadratus femoris, Gemellus inferior.
• Tensor fascia latae is supplied by superior gluteal nerve

Ans d

Correct Answer - B
Femoral nerve
Femoral sheath
Femoral sheath is a funnel shaped fascial prolongation around
proximal part of femoral vessels, situated in the femoral triangle,
below the inguinal ligament. It is 3-4 cm long. It is formed by fascia
iliaca.
Femoral sheath is divided into 3 separate fascial compartements by
septa :?
• Lateral compartment :- It contains femoral artery and femoral
branch of genitofemoral nerve.
.| Intermediate compartment :- Femoral vein.
• Medial compartment (femoral canal) :- It is conical in shape, wider
above adn narrow below. The wider upper opening is known
as femoral ring, which is potentially a weak point in lower abdomen
and is the site for femoral hernia. Femoral ring is bounded
Anteriorly by inguinal ligament, medially by lacunar
ligament, posteriorly by pectineus with its covering fascia,
and laterally by septum separating it from femoral vein. Femoral
canal contains lymph node of cloquet or Rosenmuller and
lymphatics

Correct Answer-A
Superficial perineal pouch

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Ans: D. Motor speech
Motor speech defect is also called apraxia of speech.
Injury to the Broca's area/left inferior frontal gyrus causes motor
speech defect.
BDC 7th edition, volume 4, page no 129

Ans: B. Interossei and lumbricals
Hyperextension of metacarpophalangeal joint and flexion of the
interphalangeal joint is due to palsy of lumbricals and interossei
muscles.
The action of Lumbricals: Flexion of MCP, Extension of IP joint
The action of Palmar interossei: Adduction of fingers
The action of Dorsal interossei: Abduction of fingers
Ref: BDC, 7th edition, volume 1, pg no. 163.