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Human memory: How we make, remember, and forget memories

From the moment we are born, our brains are bombarded by an immense amount of information about ourselves and the world around us. So, how do we hold on to everything we've learned and experienced? Memories.

Humans retain different types of memories for different lengths of time. Short-term memories last seconds to hours, while long-term memories last for years. We also have a working memory, which lets us keep something in our minds for a limited time by repeating it. Whenever you say a phone number to yourself over and over to remember it, you're using your working memory.

Another way to categorize memories is by the subject of the memory itself, and whether you are consciously aware of it. Declarative memory, also called explicit memory, consists of the sorts of memories you experience consciously. Some of these memories are facts or “common knowledge”: things like the capital of Portugal (Lisbon), or the number of cards in a standard deck of playing cards (52). Others consist of past events you've experienced, such as a childhood birthday.Nondeclarative memory, also called implicit memory, unconsciously builds up. These include procedural memories, which your body uses to remember the skills you've learned. Do you play an instrument or ride a bicycle? Those are your procedural memories at work. Nondeclarative memories also can shape your body's unthinking responses, like salivating at the sight of your favorite food or tensing up when you see something you fear.


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#why_we_sleep

Sleep plays a vital role in good health and well-being throughout your life. The way you feel while you are awake depends in part on what happens while you are sleeping. During sleep, your body is working to support healthy brain function and maintain your physical health.

In children and teens, sleep also helps support growth and development. Getting inadequate sleep over time can raise your risk for chronic (long-term) health problems. It can also affect how well you think, react, work, learn, and get along with others. Learn how sleep affects your heart and circulatory system, metabolism, respiratory system, and immune system and how much sleep is enough.

When you fall asleep and enter non-REM sleep, your blood pressure and heart rate fall. During sleep, your parasympathetic system controls your body, and your heart does not work as hard as it does when you are awake. During REM sleep and when waking, your sympathetic system is activated, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure to the usual levels when you are awake and relaxed. A sharp increase in blood pressure and heart rate upon waking has been linked to angina, or chest pain, and heart attacks.

People who do not sleep enough or wake up often during the night may have a higher risk of: Coronary heart disease, High blood pressure, Obesity, Stroke

Sleep helps with learning and the formation of long-term memories. Not getting enough sleep or enough high-quality sleep can lead to problems focusing on tasks and thinking clearly. Read our Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency page for more information on how lack of sleep affects performance of daily activities, including driving and schoolwork.


Volodymyr Zelensky has accused some Arab leaders of "turning a blind eye" to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, ahead of his trip to the G7 in Japan.

The Ukrainian president made the comments while attending an Arab League summit in Saudi Arabia on Friday.

Of the Arab League nations, only Syria has openly supported Russia's invasion. Others have sought to maintain good relations with Moscow.

But some states must reflect on their ties with Russia, Mr Zelensky said.

"Unfortunately, there are some in the world and here among you who turn a blind eye to those [prisoner of war] cages and illegal annexations," said Mr Zelensky.

"I'm here so that everyone can take an honest look, no matter how hard the Russians try to influence, there must still be independence."

Mr Zelensky also told the assembled leaders in Jeddah that his country was defending itself from colonisers and imperialists, appearing to invoke the Arab world's own history of invasion and occupation.

Host nation Saudi Arabia has walked a delicate line on the conflict - on the one hand supporting a UN resolution calling for Russia to withdraw its troops and pledging $400m in humanitarian aid to Ukraine, while on the other hand resisting imposing sanctions on Russia, preferring to see itself as neutral on the conflict.

Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman renewed his offer for Saudi Arabia to mediate between Moscow and Kyiv to end the fighting at the summit.

Syria meanwhile has only just been readmitted to the Arab League - its leader Bashar al-Assad told the summit there was an historic opportunity for the region to reshape itself without foreign interference.

Mr Zelensky also took aim at Iran, which is not a member of the Arab League, for supplying Shahed drones to Russia. Iran denies supplying drones for the conflict.

The Ukrainian leader will travel from Saudi Arabia to the G7 summit on Sunday, Japan confirmed on Saturday morning. Officials said he will take part in the summit's leaders' session and take part in a bilateral meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida.

Earlier, Mr Zelensky's office also told Ukrainian media that he would meet with US President Joe Biden "in the next few days" in Japan.

The summit kicked off on Friday with a renewed condemnation of Russia and an announcement of further sanctions.

The group of seven nations, made up of the US, UK, France, Italy, Germany, Canada and Japan, represent the world's richest democracies. This year, eight other countries including Australia and India have also been invited.


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Artificial intelligence has been around for years, but scarcely has it found itself in conversation as much as it has now. The launch of OpenAI’s ChatGPT rocketed generative AI onto the radar of many people who hadn’t been paying much attention – or didn’t feel it was relevant to their lives. This has included workers, who’ve already been touched by the technology, whether they know it or not.

The chatbot, which uses machine learning to respond to user prompts, is helping workers write cover letters and resumes, generate ideas and even art in the workplace and more. It’s already making a splash in hiring with recruiters, who are finding they need to adapt to the new technology. And as competing companies rush to launch similar tools, the technology will only get stronger and more sophisticated.

Although some workers fear being replaced by AI, experts say the technology may actually have the power to positively impact workers’ daily lives and skill sets, and even improve the overall work economy.



From that time, I highlight useful chunks and vocabularies to boost our speaking as well as writing

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More than 20 rivers have burst their banks in Italy, leaving 13 people dead and forcing thousands from their homes after six months' rainfall fell in a day and a half.

More bodies were found on Thursday after almost every river flooded between Bologna and the north-east coast 115km (70 miles) away.

Some 280 landslides have taken place.

The mayor of Ravenna, a city badly affected by flooding, told the BBC it was the worst disaster in a century.

Michele de Pascale described the damage caused by the floods as catastrophic, costing people in his city and the wider region their homes, possessions and for some, their lives.


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#short_articles

Some pet owners believe that their animals understand them when they speak, but how much do animals really understand of what we say? To what extent is their thinking a reflection of ours? Recent experiments have begun to throw light on the matter... An Austrian dog-researchers call ner Betsy has a vocabulary of more than 300 words. Even our closest relatives, the great apes, can't do what Betsy can do hear a word only once or twice and know that the acoustic pattern stands for something, says cognitive psychologist Jullane Kaminski. 'Dogs' understanding of human forms of communication is something new that has evolved,' she says, 'something that's developed in them because of their long association with humans. Scientists think that dogs were domesticated about 15,000 years ago, a relatively short time in which to develop language skills. But how similar are these skills to those of humans? For abstract thinking, we employ symbols, letting one thing stand for another. Betsy, in an experiment, was shown a picture of a Frisbee, a picture she had never seen before, and told to find it. She brought the Frisbee from among other toys in another room.

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Climate change raised temperatures by at least 2C in many parts of Asia last month as it suffered a crippling heatwave, a new study says.

The research also found that climate change had made the heatwave 30 times likelier.

India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Laos all saw record temperatures of up to 45C in April.

The soaring temperatures caused deaths in some countries, melted roads, and left many people in hospital.

Other countries in Asia that are currently tracking unusually high temperatures include China, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines.

Thailand's record heat was exacerbated by high humidity, as well as a large number of forest fires occurring at the same time, said the study by World Weather Attribution, an independent research institute.

Temperatures in the Philippines also hit 37C five days later, leading to heat stroke cases in around 150 schoolchildren.

Thirteen people died from heat stroke in Navi Mumbai, India, after attending an awards ceremony.

Climate historian Maximiliano Herrara, who tracks extreme weather patterns on his Twitter account, called it "the worse heatwave in Asian history".

Heatwaves are one of the deadliest natural hazards in the world, causing thousands of related deaths each year.

However, the full impact of a heatwave is usually not known until weeks or months later, when the deaths are recorded and analysed by scientists, according to the study.

Copenhagen-based Emmanuel Raju, one of the study's authors, said the effects of the heatwave will disproportionately affect the poorest people in the region, as well as people who work outdoors like farmers, street vendors, and construction workers.

The group uses weather data and computer model simulations to determine if and how much climate change is responsible for extreme weather events. Their studies are not peer-reviewed, but are often later published in recognised journals.

"Global temperatures will continue to increase and events like this will become more frequent and severe until overall greenhouse gases emissions are halted," the scientists said in a statement.

A separate study this week found that a key temperature limit is likely to be broken for the first time over the next few years.

Scientists say there's now a 66% chance we will pass the 1.5C global warming threshold between now and 2027.


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