Upsc DIAGRAMS ( Champions camp)

Key issues in India’s startup ecosystem

“STARTUP FAILS”:

S - Skill Mismatch and Talent Retention
• Issue: Startups face challenges retaining top talent due to global opportunities and domestic salary disparities.
• Example: Between 2015 and 2022, 1.3 million educated Indians left the country, creating a talent vacuum in critical areas like AI.

T - Tightening Liquidity and Funding Challenges
• Issue: A 73% decline in startup funding in 2023 compared to 2022, leading to stagnation amid rising operational costs.
• Example: Investors are prioritizing profitability over growth, straining startups reliant on external capital.

A - Academia Collaboration Insufficient
• Issue: Lack of collaboration between startups and research institutions limits innovation.
• Example: Unlike Silicon Valley, only 30-35% of industrial clusters in India have research institutions nearby.

R - Rural Market Overlooked
• Issue: Startups focus on urban-centric models, neglecting rural India’s vast market potential.
• Example: Despite 65% of the population residing in rural areas, startups struggle due to infrastructural challenges.

T - Taxation and Policy Volatility
• Issue: Regulatory ambiguities like the 2023 Angel Tax deter foreign investments in early-stage startups.
• Example: Startups spend significant resources navigating compliance instead of focusing on innovation.

U - Urban Market Saturation
• Issue: Overexpansion in sectors like edtech and fintech has led to layoffs and declining margins.
• Example: The fall of major players showcases the dangers of unregulated competition in saturated industries.

P - Protectionism and Global Competition
• Issue: Mandatory data localization and compliance costs challenge startups while global competitors expand aggressively.
• Example: Amazon’s market expansion contrasts with Indian startups struggling with regulatory hurdles.

F - Funding Decline
• Issue: Tightened liquidity and cautious global investment practices impact scaling.
• Example: 73% funding drop in 2023 for Indian startups.

A - Access to Digital Infrastructure
• Issue: Inconsistent infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, limits startup scalability.
• Example: 60% of rural India lacks active internet access, slowing growth for sectors like agritech.

I - Innovation Overlooked in Sustainability
• Issue: Startups failing to align with ESG standards face reputational risks.
• Example: Platforms like Swiggy faced backlash for reliance on plastics amidst a push for sustainable practices.

L - Limited Policy Support
• Issue: Startups are burdened by compliance costs due to volatile policies.
• Example: Taxation changes like the Angel Tax on foreign investors deterred legitimate investments.

S - Sector Saturation
• Issue: Saturation in key sectors leads to intense competition and declining margins.
• Example: Edtech and fintech industries face layoffs and destabilization due to overexpansion.

Rising Road Accidents in India ( IE)

Total Accidents and Fatalities:  
◦ India records the highest number of road accident fatalities globally with a reported road death rate of 250 per 10,000 km, higher than the rates in the United States (57), China (119) and Australia (11). 
◦ In 2023, India recorded over 4.80 lakh road accidents which resulted in over 1.72 lakh deaths, marking a 2.6% increase compared to 1.68 lakh fatalities in 2022. 

Causes  of high road accidents in India: “DRIVE”
• D: Deficient Infrastructure – Poor road designs, potholes, and lack of underpasses or foot overbridges increase accident risks.
• R: Reckless Human Behavior – Over-speeding (68.1% of deaths in 2023), non-compliance with helmets, and seat belts are major factors.
• I: Inadequate Crash Monitoring – Absence of a national database for crash-level monitoring hampers effective public policy.
• V: Vehicle Deficiencies – Many vehicles lack essential safety features and fail global crash tests.
• E: Enforcement and Awareness Gaps – Weak enforcement of safety rules and limited knowledge about airbags, ABS, and seat belts among the public.

way forward for improving road safety in India: “SAFER”

• S: Safe Driving Techniques – Promote defensive driving, adherence to traffic rules, and regular vehicle maintenance. Examples like Australia’s three-second rule highlight the importance of maintaining safe distances.
• A: Awareness and Enforcement – Launch comprehensive road safety campaigns, enforce strict penalties, standardize licenses, and mandate safety measures such as helmet use and vehicle audits.
• F: Fix Infrastructure – Upgrade roads by addressing potholes, adding proper signage, and creating separate lanes. Ensure vehicles meet global safety standards with features like emergency braking systems.
• E: Establish a National Database – Develop a centralized crash monitoring system and integrate advanced technologies like AI-driven traffic management for better policy-making and enforcement.
• R: Role of State Governments – Focus on maintaining state, district, and rural roads, enforcing traffic laws, and improving safety infrastructure alongside trauma care services.

Best Practices in Disability Governance

Karnataka’s Model:
◦ Mobile Adalats: Reaching out to persons with disabilities in remote areas to address grievances on the spot.
◦ District Disability Management Review (DDMR): A governance tool to monitor the implementation of welfare programmes at the district level.
◦ Collaboration with Law Schools: Strengthening the quasi-judicial capacity of the office through partnerships with legal experts.
◦ Designation of District Magistrates: As Deputy Commissioners for persons with disabilities, ensuring localized disability inclusion.

Delhi’s Approach:
◦ Efficient grievance redress mechanisms and proactive engagement with disability organizations.

Editorials via Mnemonics

“Feminist ideology in India’s constitutional discourse” (The Hindu on 26th November 2024.)


To remember the contributions of women to the Constitution using a mnemonic, we can use “EQUAL RIGHTS”:

E - Equality Advocacy

Women like Hansa Mehta and Amrit Kaur ensured gender equality was central to the Fundamental Rights, laying a foundation for women’s empowerment.

Q - Questioned Religious Freedom

They challenged absolute religious freedom, arguing it could perpetuate harmful practices like child marriage, purdah, polygamy, and sati.

U - Uniform Civil Code

They pushed for the UCC to be included under Fundamental Rights and strengthened its importance when it was placed under the Directive Principles.

A - Advanced Secularism

Begum Aizaz Rasul championed secularism, highlighting its significance in curbing religious control over women’s rights.

L - Legal Framework Strengthened

Through their efforts, Directive Principles were elevated as a tool for achieving social justice, influencing later jurisprudence.

RIGHTS - Directive Principles Elevated

The women’s advocacy helped ensure the Directive Principles were treated as a guide for governance, emphasizing social justice and women’s welfare.

This mnemonic connects their contributions to the overarching goal of ensuring equal rights and advancing social justice in the Constitution.

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Reversing family planning: A three-child norm is regressive

Mohan Bhagwat’s suggestion for a three-child norm

What is the Current Fertility Rate in India?
1 India’s total fertility rate (TFR) has fallen from over five births per woman in 1965 to 2.01 in 2022.
2 This rate is now below the replacement rate of 2.1.
3 A study by Lancet predicts that by 2050, India’s TFR could drop to 1.29.

“WIND” symbolize how such policies can “blow away” progress on critical issues:


1. W - Women’s Rights Setback: Women may face greater societal pressure to bear and raise children, undoing strides in education and career opportunities.
2. I - Inequality Deepens for the Poor: Poor and conservative families, especially women, bear the brunt, worsening gender and economic divides.
3. N - Neglect of Female Workforce: India’s already low female labor participation (37%) could plummet, stalling economic and social progress.
4. D - Deficient Support System: Unlike welfare-strong countries, India lacks the infrastructure, like paternity leave and family support, to ease the burden.

“WIND” captures the idea that poorly designed policies can disrupt societal progress

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