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Science and technology

@upsc_science_and_technology

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Science is a way of life.
Science is a perspective.
Science is the process that takes us from confusion to understanding in a proper manner.
Let's explore Science and Technology from the perspective of exam.

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Science and technology

25 May 2021, 05:30

🔆Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS)

✅Context: A few patients infected with Covid-19 have been found suffering from a rare autoimmune disorder called Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS).

✅GBS: Rare neurological disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks part of its peripheral nervous system.

✅Exact cause of GBS not known- not contagious- not inherited- can affect anyone at any age.

✅Symptoms: Unexplained sensations(tingling in feet or hands, or even pain), Weakness on both sides of body(major symptom), Difficulty with eye muscles, Abnormal heart rate or blood pressure; Problems with digestion.

✅Most common type of GBS- Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP).

✅Other types- Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN).

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Science and technology

22 May 2021, 01:41

🔆Important Navigation Satellite System

✅BeiDou (China): 22 operational satellites.
✅GLONASS (Russia): 27 operational satellites.
✅Galileo (European Union): Available for civilian and commercial use- 22 satellites.
✅Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (Japan): Regional satellite navigation system- Still under construction.
✅IRNSS (India) - Regional Satellite Navigation System- later given the operational name of NavIC. - covers India and nearby regions extending up to 1,500 km.

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:43

🔆BIOTECHNOLOGY

✅Biotechnology is the use of biological systems found in organisms or the use of the living organisms themselves to make technological advances and adapt those technologies to various fields.

▪️COLOR CLASSIFICATION OF BRANCHES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:

✅ Gold biotechnology or Bioinformatics: Computational Biology > address biological problems using computational techniques.

✅Red Biotechnology: Biopharma > relates to medicine and veterinary products.

✅ White Biotechnology: Industrial Biotech > to design more energy efficient, low resource consuming products.

✅ Yellow Biotechnology: Biotech in Food Industry.

✅Grey Biotechnology: Environmental applications to maintain Biodiversity.

✅ Green Biotechnology: Emphasizes on Agriculture interests.

✅ Blue Biotechnology: based on use of marine resources.

✅Violet Biotechnology: deals with law, ethical and philosophical issues of biotechnology.

✅Dark Biotechnology: associated with bioterrorism and biological weapons.

▪️GENE:

✅Gene is the basic physical unit of inheritance.
✅It is a part of the DNA in a cell that controls the physical development, behaviour, etc. of an individual plant or animal & is passed on from its parents.

▪️GENOME:

✅Genome is the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organisms.
✅The human genome is a complex set of instructions, like
a recipe book, directing organism growth & development.

▪️GENOMIC ORGANIZATION:

✅ This refers to the linear order of DNA elements and their division into chromosomes.
✅ Can also refer to the 3D structure of chromosomes & the positioning of DNA sequences within the nucleus.

▪️CHROMOSOME:

✅These are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal & plant cells.
✅Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of Deoxyribose-Nucleic Acid (DNA).
✅ Chromosomes are a key part of the process that ensures DNA is accurately copied and distributed in the vast majority of cell divisions.
✅Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes in new cells may lead to serious problems like: Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome etc.

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:43

🔆DARK NET

▪️Why in News?

✅Recently, records of 20 million Bigbasket users were made available on the dark net.

▪️What is Dark Net?

✅ Also known as Dark Web, it is that part of the Internet which is neither accessible through traditional search engines like Google nor is it accessible by normal browsers like Chrome or Safari.
✅ It generally uses non-standard communication protocols which make it inaccessible to internet service providers (ISPs) or government authorities.
✅The content on Dark Net is
encrypted and requires specific browser such as TOR (The Onion Ring) browser to access those pages.
✅Dark Net itself is only a part of the Deep Web that is a broader concept, which includes sites that are protected by passwords. For e.g.- A person’s bank statements which are available online but will not be pulled up in generalised Internet searches. Only difference is that while the Deep Web is accessible, the Dark Net is deliberately hidden.
✅The part of internet that is readily available to general public and searchable on standard search engines is called as Surface Web.
✅It is used by journalists and citizens working in oppressive regimes (to communicate without any government censorship), researchers and students to do research on sensitive topics, law enforcement agencies etc.
✅However, it is surrounded by concerns over Anonymity, Haven for illicit activity, Privacy and ethical concerns, use of crypto currencies, drug dealing, arms trafficking, communication by terrorists etc.

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:43

🔆Indian Regional Navigation satellite System

▪️Why in News?

✅India’s IRNSS is now part of World Wide Radio Navigation System (WWRNS) More on News
✅ India became the fourth country in the world to have its independent regional navigation satellite system recognised by
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) as a part of WWRNS.
🔸Other three are US’s GPS, Russia’s GLONASS and China’s BeiDou.
🔸IMO is a United Nations agency responsible for safety and security of shipping.
🔸 WWRNS is an IMO process whereby navigation system providers submit their systems for recognition.

▪️About IRNSS

✅ IRNSS is designed to provide geospatial positioning information in the region
extending up to 1500 km from Indian boundary.
✅A constellation of seven satellites -three in geostationary orbit and four in
geosynchronous orbits.
✅ It was developed by ISRO to cut down India's dependency on foreign navigation satellite systems.

▪️Benefit of being part of WWRNS
✅ Merchant vessels can use IRNSS for obtaining position information to assist in
navigation of ships in ocean waters within the defined area.
✅Lessen overdependence on any single GPS system.

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:43

🔆Recombinant-DNA (R-DNA)

▪️Technology

✅R-DNA is a “genetic engineering” technology used for producing Artificial DNA through the combination
of different genetic materials from different sources.

✅R-DNA involves several steps in specific sequence such as:
1. Isolation of DNA,
2. Fragmentation of DNA,
3. Isolation of a desired DNA fragment,
4. Ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector,
5. Transferring the R-DNA into the host,
6. Culturing the host cells and extraction of desired product.

▪️Application:
1. In Gene Therapy to correct gene defects.
2. Useful in detecting presence of Human immunodeficiency virus. (ELISA test)
3. Production of Insulin.

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:39

🔆Cloud Computing

✅Cloud computing is a network of resources a company can access, and this method of using a digital drive increases the effi ciency of organizations.

✅Instead of local storage on computer hard drives, companies will be freeing their space and conserving funds.
✅According to Forbes, 83 percent of enterprise workloads will be in the cloud by 2020, which means 2019 will show an increasing trend in closing in on this statistic.
✅Cloud storage and sharing is a popular trend many companies have adopted and even implemented for employee interaction.
✅A company-wide network will help businesses save on information technology infrastructure.
✅Cloud services will also extend internal functions to gain revenue.
✅Organizations that offer cloud services will market these for external products and continue their momentum.
✅Organizations will transfer their stored fi les across multiple sources using virtualization.
✅Companies are already using this level of virtualization, but will further embrace it in the year to come.
✅Less installation across company computers is another positive result of cloud computing because the Internet allows direct access to shared technology and information.
✅The freedom of new products and services makes cloud compuƟ ng a growing trend

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:39

🔆Augmented Reality

✅Augmented reality is a more versatile and practical version of virtual reality, as it does not fully immerse individuals in an experience.
✅Augmented reality features interactive scenarios that enhance the real world with images and sounds that create an altered experience.
✅The most common current applications of this overlay of digital images on the surrounding environment include the recent Pokémon Go fad or the additions on televised football in the U.S.
✅Augmented reality can impact many industries in useful ways.
✅Airports are implemenƟ ng augmented-reality guides to help people get through their checks and terminals as quickly and effi ciently as possible.
✅Retail and cosmetics are also using augmented reality to let customers test products, and furniture stores are using this mode to lay-out new interior design options.
✅The possibilities for augmented reality in the future revolve around mobile applications and health care solutions.
✅ Careers in mobile app development and design will be abundant, and information technology professionals can put their expertise to use in these interactive experiences.

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:39

🔆Mobile Computing and Applications

✅Mobile phones, tablets, and other devices have taken both the business world and the personal realm by storm.
✅Mobile usage and the number of applications generated have both skyrocketed in recent years.
✅Now, 77 percent of Americans own smartphones — a 35 percent increase since 2011.
✅Experts project mobile traffi c to increase even further in 2019, and mobile applications, consumer capabilities, and payment options will be necessary for businesses.
✅Fastest-growing companies have already established their mobile websites, marketing, and apps for maximized security and user-friendliness. Cloud apps are also available for companies to use for on-the-go capabilities.

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:39

🔆Automation

✅Another current trend in the IT industry is automated processes.
✅Automated processes can collect information from vendors, customers, and other documentation.
✅Automated processes that check invoices and other accounts-payable aspects expedite customer interactions.
✅Machine processes can automate repetitive manual tasks, rather than assigning them to employees.
✅This increases organization-wide productivity, allowing employees to use their valuable time wisely, rather than wasting it on tedious work.
✅Automation can even produce more job opportunities for IT professionals trained in supporting, programming, and developing automated processes.
✅Machine learning can enhance these automated processes for a continually developing system.
✅Automated processes for the future will extend to groceries and other automatic payment methods to streamline the consumer experience.

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:39

▪️Digital Platforms

⭐During COVID-19 pandemic, Indian government used digital technology for providing timely information,
direct money transfer to the poor etc.

⭐Various Digital Platforms Which Were Helpful

⭐1. Aarogya Setu App

🔸The App enables people to assess themselves the risk for their catching the coronavirus infection.

🔸It calculates this based on people’s interaction with others, using cutting-edge bluetooth technology,
algorithms and artificial intelligence.

🔸The App’s design ensures privacy. The personal data, collected by the App, is encrypted using
state of-the-art technology and stays secure on the phone till it is needed for facilitating medical

🔸intervention and is available in 11 languages.

⭐2. Chatbot

🔸GoI has launched a WhatsApp chatbot so that the citizens can get instant and authentic answers to
all of their queries related to the Coronavirus pandemic.

⭐3. Corona Kavach

🔸It is a COVID-19 tracker application, created by the Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

🔸This application provides users with real-time location of infected users who have activated the
‘Kavach’ feature.

⭐4. COVID-19 Feedback

🔸 It has been developed by the centre to get direct feedback from people who have undergone
coronavirus treatment in the country

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:39

🔆Cyber-Privacy and Security

✅Shared company systems and the growth of the Internet leave a high amount of personal and company data at risk to breaches.

✅Redesigned systems and new fi rewalls and gateways will be added to the services companies need to bolster their technology.

✅Cybersecurity is a concentration of IT that will help secure clouds and improve the trust between businesses and their vendors.

✅Recognition software will replace much of the password-protected systems companies use in 2019.

✅Biometric measures and other safety protocols will increase the security of business practices, especially business-to-business interactions.

✅Although authentication and recognition programs enhance protection, the Internet of Things technology requires further development.
✅The vulnerability of the Internet of Things systems is already projected to contain risks the industry is not prepared for.
✅As the Internet and shared company networks increase, cybersecurity and privacy are vulnerable to infiltration.
✅However, many companies are already aware of the projected weak spots in their technology. IT professionals need to address these issues and fi nd practical and fortifying solutions.

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Science and technology

21 May 2021, 17:39

🔆Gaganyaan

✅In the 2018 edition of Indian defence expo, ISRO released the astronaut’s space suit Gaganyaan(“Skycraft”) is (planned) India’s autonomous 3.7-tonne spacecraft designed to carry a 3-member crew to orbit and safely return to the Earth after mission duration of few orbits and up to seven days.
✅The space vehicle is planned to be launched on ISRO’s GSLV Mk III in 2022.
✅It is planned currently, an Indian astronaut, who is yet to be chosen, would be stationed at an altitude of 400 km from earth for 5-7 days.
✅To maintain this altitude (which is very low compared to orbits which are parallel to equatorial plane which is 36000 km) one needs to orbit only in plane perpendicular to equatorial plane.
✅The payload consists of a crew module and a service module.
✅Based on the payload capability of the GSLV-III booster, the service module would have a mass of about 3 tonnes which being heavier needs cryogenic technology.
✅The flight would take 16 minutes to reach its orbit and during the period of stay, the astronaut would carry out a series of experiments, particularly microgravity experiments.
✅ The descent would take 36 minutes as care would be taken to avoid heating up while heading back to earth.
✅If successful, it would make India only the fourth member (after Russia, the US, and China) of an elite club of nations with indigenous manned space programmes.

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