lmmunology Community

😰WHY DOES FLU KEEP
COMING BACK 🤕
☁️☁️☁️☁️☁️🌦🌦🌦🌦🌦🌦
🖍Flu is unique among human diseases.

🖍It circulates constantly in cool, dry areas of east Asia, conditions the virus prefers,
but when temperatures drop during the northern and southern winters, it breaks
out and begins a tour of the relevant hemisphere.

🖍Flu spreads from person to person efficiently in exhaled droplets, and can be picked up from contaminated surfaces, nearly everyone is exposed.

🖍And unlike, say, measles, having flu once doesn’t make you immune to catching it.

🖍 The virus is uniquely talented at dodging our immunesystems.

🔘🔘 The big haemagglutinin protein on its surface gets most of your immune system’s attention, and this protein constantly mutates at seven hotspots.

🖍Every few years it racks up such a number of mutations
that many antibodies you made to your last infection don’t recognise the virus, and you get sick again.

🖍You still have some immunity to kinds of flu that are only a little different from viruses you have seen before, which is why
much winter flu isn’t as severe as flu can be.

🖍The strains best able to evade this kind of prior immunity dominate the annual epidemic in each hemisphere, so we only need one vaccine per season but a new one each year.

https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAEGF1HigCuVnbybPZw

🖍Anticardiolipin antibodies
(aCL antibodies, ACA,
Antiphospholipid antibodies, Lupus anticoagulant)🖍🔬
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📌Test explanation and related physiology 📌
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✔️Anticardiolipin antibodies (immunoglobulins G and M to cardiolipin) are antiphospholipid autoantibodies that attach to
phospholipids on cell membranes and can interfere with the coagulation system.

Antiphospholipide antibodies include anticardiolipin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant antibody.

✔️Phospholipid antibodies occur in patients with a variety of clinical signs and symptoms, notably:
🔘thrombosis (arterial or venous)
🔘 pregnancy morbidity (unexplained fetal death, premature birth, severe preeclampsia, or placental insufficiency)
🔘unexplained cutaneous circulation disturbances (livido reticularis or pyoderma gangrenosum)
🔘 thrombocytopenia or hemolytic anemia,
and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis.

✔️Phospholipid antibodies and lupus anticoagulants are found with increased frequency in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases, especially
lupus erythematosus.

✔️The term antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) or Hughes syndrome is used to describe the triad of thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, and thrombocytopenia accompanied by phospholipid antibodies or a lupus anticoagulant.
🔘These antibodies may be considered normal in the elderly person.

🔹Interfering factors 🔹
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▪️ Patients who have or had syphilis infections can have a false positive result.

▪️ Transient antibodies can occur in patients with infections, AIDS, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, or cancer.

▪️False-positive results have been seen in patients who take such medications as chlorpromazine, hydralazine, penicillin,phenytoin,procainamide, and quinidine.

🖌Normal Findings🖌
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Negative: