Volcanscientific : when Volcano science meets Telegram - Die Wissenschaft der Vulkane - La ciencia de los volcanes

In fact Siberia is not so bad between May and September (ø temperature 0°C to 12°C) like said previously
https://t.me/WinterFreaks/476
while End September is pretty good in nordic countries (sud) too!

The warm May temperatures in Arctic Siberia led to rapid snowmelt (Figure 3, left panel), leaving the area virtually snow-free by the middle of June, about one month earlier than on average during 1981‒2010 https://perma.cc/LZH9-YB8Y

😣 Temperature records in Siberia while wildfires in the Arctic surpass last year’s activity https://perma.cc/MHS2-M45C

Permafrost in Norway and Iceland has been warming at rates between 0 and 0.6 ◦ C per decade (Isk2) at 10 m depth since the start of the measurements. Warming rates were, in general, higher in northern Norway than in southern Norway and Iceland.

In all regions studied, the development of taliks or complete permafrost degradation is observed, such as in Tronfjell (southern Norway) and Iškoras (northern Norway). The talik development could be modelled by heat conduction alone and by increasing SAT and snow depth as the main forcing variables since 2010.

At most sites, ground surface temperature (GST) is increasing more strongly than surface air temperature (SAT). Changing snow conditions, especially those re- lated to increasing snow depth and a shortening of snow cover duration, appear to be the most important factor for the higher GST rates. A thicker winter snow cover may be related to more frequent and intense rain-on- snow events and winter warm spells, which may reduce snow surface erosion due to wind.

The simulated snow conditions are also in agreement with previous projections of a decrease in SCF and snow mass across Iceland, as the rising average temperature causes spring melts to begin earlier and autumn snow cover to occur later.

Related
https://t.me/DefenceTelegram/839
https://t.me/DefenceTelegram/840
https://t.me/TravelAdviceTelegram/108
https://t.me/TravelAdviceTelegram/106
https://t.me/MissionAntarctica
https://t.me/WinterFreaks/600

And the loser is? 🇺🇸 America, 🇨🇦Canada BUT ESPECIALLY 🇷🇺 Russia, who is doing NOTHING! to improve!
https://t.me/MissionWillowProject/172

For 🇮🇸 Iceland, we still need to remember 🌋 and a region, that need to import all thing from 🇪🇺 ... plus there is no train ...

🇩🇪 Germany instead has no excuses!

The Fagradalsfjall volcanic system is one of six volcanic systems on the Reykjanes Volcanic Zone. In the literature Fagradalsfjall volcanic system has either been classified as an individual system or a secondary volcanic swarm on the neighbouring Krýsuvík volcanic system. An eruption started on the system on March 19th in 2021, following more than a year of earthquake activity and inflation/deflation periods. This eruption put an end to ca. 800 years of volcanic quiescence on the Reykjanes peninsula and defines the beginning of a new eruptive period on the Reykjanes Volcanic Zone. It was also the first eruption on the Fagradalsfjall system in about 6000 years. About 10 postglacial eruptions are known from the system, all older than 6000 years.

The volcanic system is located between the Svartsengi and Krýsuvík volcanic systems and differs from the other systems in the Reykjanes Volcanic Zone as it includes neither a subaerial geothermal field nor a NE-SW trending fissure swarm. However, there are N-S trending tectonic faults. The characteristic volcanism formations are lava shields, of which one of the largest ones is Þráinsskjöldur. The highest point of the volcanic system is within the Fagradalsfjall tuya (ca. 390 m a.s.l.), after which the system is named.

The characteristic activity is effusive basaltic but size estimation of individual lava flows is hard as they are partly covered by younger formations. The system has erupted twice after volcanic activity resumed (in 2021 CE and 2022 CE). The first eruption lasted for six months and filled in a pre-existing valley landscape, covering 4,85 km2 with 0,15 km3 of lava. The second one lasted for about three weeks and added 0,01 km3 on top of the older lava covering an area of 1,3 km2.

The largest known eruption in Fagradalsfjall volcanic system is the formation of a shield volcano of a few km3 in volume. One such eruption has occurred in the last 14,000 years. Such an eruption is considered unlikely at present time.

The October 1996 eruption within the Vatnajökull Glacier lasted for 13 days, with 3 km3 of ice being melted at the eruption site. The 0.4 km3 of erupted basaltic – andesite magma fragmented into glass, forming a hyaloclastite ridge 6 – 7 km long and 200 – 300 m high under 500 – 750 m of ice. The minimum concentration of exsolved CO2 in the 1x10^12 kg of erupted magma was 516 mg/kg, for S it was 98 mg/kg, for Cl it was 14 mg/kg, and for F it was 2 mg/kg. The pH of the melt water at the eruption site ranged from about 3 to 8. The volatile and dissolved element release to the meltwater in less than 35 days amounted to more than 1 million tonnes. The meltwater flowed from the eruption site into the Grímsvötn subglacial lake under a 270-m-thick ice cover.

The total dissolved flux was 1 million tonnes and the minimum C flux was equal to 0.6 million tonnes of CO2. The annual magmatic flux of CO2 to the atmosphere and surface waters in Iceland, mostly long-term degassing through volcanoes and geothermal systems, has been estimated to be of the order of 1 – 2 million tonnes (Arno ́ rsson and G ́ıslason, 1994). Volcanic eruptions are frequent in Iceland, about one every fifth year (Thorarinsson, 1981). Thus, a small eruption like in 1996 contributes 5 – 10% to the total annual CO2 magmatic flux from Iceland.

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