VEDANTA
Vedanta or Uttara Mīmāmsā is one of the six darshanika schools of Sanatana Dharma. Primarily the word Vedanta stood for Upanishads; afterwords, its scope widened to include all thoughts developed out of the Upanishads. Vedanta, its denotation as understood and accepted by its major schools, refers to various philosophical traditions based on the three basic texts of Hindu philosophy, namely the Principal Upanishads, the Brahma Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita.
Vedanta adopted ideas from other schools of Hindu Dharma such as Yoga and Nyaya, and, over time, became the most prominent of the orthodox schools of Hindu Dharma, influencing the diverse traditions within it. There are at least ten schools of Vedanta, of which Advaita Vedanta, Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita and Bhedabheda are the best known. Vedanta is also called Uttara Mimāmsā, or the 'latter enquiry' or 'higher enquiry', and is often paired with Purva Mīmāmsā, the 'former enquiry' or 'primary enquiry'. Purva Mimamsa and also Karma Mimamsa, usually simply called Mimamsa, deals with explanations of the Karma-kanda or rituals part of the Vedic mantras (in the Samhita portion of the Vedas) and Brahmanas, while Vedanta deals with the Upanishads or the Jnana-kanda of the Vedas.
Prasthantrayi: The Three Basic Texts
In the current view, the Upanishads, The Bhagavadgita and the Vedanta Sutra constitute the triple basis of Vedanta. All schools of the vedanta propound their philosophy by interpreting these texts, called the Prasthanatrayi, literally, three Sources
1. The Upanishads, known as Upadesha prasthana (injunctive texts), and the Śruti prasthāna (the starting point of revelation).
2. The Vedanta Sutra or Brahma Sutras, known as Nyaya prasthana or Yukti prasthana (logical text).
3. The Bhagavad Gita, a part of the Mahabharata, is known as Sadhana prasthana (practical text), and the Smriti prasthāna (the starting point of remembered tradition).
Vedanta Philosophy
The schools of Vedanta seek to answer questions about the relation between atman and Brahman, and the relation between Brahman and the world.
The schools of Vedanta are named after the relation they see between atman and Brahman:
• According to Advaita Vedanta, there is no difference.
• According to Dvaita the jivātman is totally different from Brahman. Even though he is similar to brahman, he is not identical.
• According to Vishishtadvaita, the jīvātman is a part of Brahman, and hence is similar, but not identical.
• According to Shuddhadvaita, the jivātman and Brahman are like sparks and fire, Jagat is real and the jivātman is clouded by nescience (avidya) due to Maya.
Swami Sivananda gives the following explanation:
Madhva said: "Man is the servant of God," and established his Dvaita philosophy. Ramanuja said: "Man is a ray or spark of God," and established his Visishtadvaita philosophy. Sankara said: "Man is identical with Brahman or the Eternal Soul," and established his Kevala Advaita philosophy.
Brahman is the key metaphysical concept in various schools of Hindu philosophy. It is the theme in its diverse discussions to the two central questions of metaphysics: what is ultimately real, and are there principles applying to everything that is real? Brahman is the ultimate "eternally, constant" reality, while the observed universe is different kind of reality but one which is "temporary, changing" Māyā in various orthodox Hindu schools. Māyā pre- exists and co-exists with Brahman - the Ultimate Reality, The Highest Universal, the Cosmic Principles.
Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, and Madhvacharya, have composed extensive commentaries not only on the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras, but also on the Bhagavad Gita. While it is not typically thought of as a purely Vedantic text, with its syncretism of Samkhya, Yoga, and Upanishadic thought, the Bhagavad Gita has played a strong role in Vedantic thought.