English Grammar Secrets

🔰Past perfect simple: advanced points
الماضي التام البسيط: استخدامات متقدمة


1️⃣ Past perfect or simple past with after, as soon as, etc

🔻We can use time conjunctions (e.g. after, as soon as, when, once) to talk about two actions or events that happened one after the other. Usually the past perfect is not necessary in these cases, because we are not 'going back' from the time that we are mainly talking about, but simply moving forward from one event to the next.
🔻يمكننا استخدام أدوات العطف الزمنية (على سبيل المثال after ، as soon as ، when ، once) للحديث عن حدثين حدثا واحدًا تلو الآخر. عادة ما يكون الماضي التام ليس ضروريًا في هذه الحالات ، لأننا لا "نعود" من الوقت الذي نتحدث عنه بشكل أساسي ، و لكن ببساطة نتحرك للأمام من حدث إلى آخر.

🔹After it got dark, we came back inside.
🔹As soon as Megan arrived, we sat down to eat.
🔹Once it stopped raining, we started the game again.

🔻However, we can use the past perfect with after, as soon as, etc to emphasise that the first action is separate, independent of the second, completed before the second started.
🔻و مع ذلك ، يمكننا استخدام الماضي التام مع after ، as soon as ، وما إلى ذلك للتأكيد على أن الحدث الأول منفصل ، مستقل عن الحدث الثاني ، و مكتمل قبل بدء الحدث الثاني.

🔹She didn't feel the same after her dog had died.
🔹As soon as he had finished his exams, he went to Paris for a month.

🔻This use of the past perfect is especially common with WHEN. (When has several meanings, so we often have to show the exact time relations by the verb form.)
🔻هذا الاستخدام للماضي التام شائع بشكل خاص مع WHEN. (عندما يكون لها معاني عديدة ،غالبًا ما يتعين علينا إظهار ارتباطات الزمن الدقيقة بصيغة الفعل). قارن:

🤔Compare:

🔹When I had opened the windows, I sat down and had a cup of tea.
(Not When I opened the windows, I sat down ...: the first action was quite separate from the second.)
◽️When I opened the window, the cat jumped out.
(More natural than When I had opened the window, ...: one action caused the other.)

🔹When I had answered my emails, I did some gardening.
◽️When I wrote to her, she came at once.

2️⃣ Unrealised hopes and wishes; things that did not happen

🔻The past perfect can be used to express an unrealised hope, wish, etc. Had is usually stressed in this case.
🔻الزمن الماضي التام يمكن استخدامه للتعبير عن أماني و أمنيات غير محققة ..الخ. في هذا حالة يكون الفعل had مشدد عند النطق.

🔹I HAD hoped we would leave tomorrow, but it won't be possible.
🔹He HAD intended to make a cake, but he ran out of time.

3️⃣ Past perfect with It was the first/second ... that ...

🔻We generally use a past perfect after it was the first/second ... that ... and similar structures (Same with Present perfect. See above👆🏻)
🔻يستخدم هذا الزمن مع عبارات "كانت المرة الأولى/الثانية التي ... و صيغ مماثلة تماماً كما في الزمن المضارع التام (راجع الدرس أعلاه👆🏻)

🔹It was the first time that I had heard her sing.
🔹It was the fifth time she had asked the same question.
🔹It was only the second opera I had seen in my life.

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🔰 The Past Perfect Simple tense
🔰الزمن الماضي التام البسيط


1⃣ Basic information:

The basic meaning of the past perfect is ‘earlier past'. A common use is to ‘go back’ for a moment when we are already talking about the past, to make it clear that something had already happened at the time we are talking about.
المعنى الأساسي للزمن الماضي التام هو "الماضي السابق". الاستخدام الشائع هو "العودة" للحظة عندما كنّا نتحدث بالفعل عن الماضي ، و لتوضيح أن شيئًا ما قد حدث بالفعل في الوقت الذي نتحدث فيه.

🔹During our conversation, I realised that we had met before.
(Not I realised that we met before OR ... have met before.)✘
🔹When I arrived at the party, Lucy had already gone home.
(Not ... Lucy already went home. OR ... has gonehome)✘

2⃣ The past perfect is common after past verbs of saying and thinking, to talk about things that had happened before the saying or thinking took place.
الماضي التام شائع الاستخدام بعد أفعال القول و التفكير في الزمن الماضي، و للتعبير عن الأشياء التي حدثت قبل حدوث القول أو التفكير.

🔹I told her that I had finished. (Not ... that I (have)finished. )✘
🔹I wondered who had left the door open.
🔹I thought I had sent the money a week before.

3⃣ Past perfect not used

The past perfect is normally only used as described above. The past perfect is not used simply to say that something happened some time ago, or to give a past reason for a present situation.
عادة ما يتم استخدام الماضي التام فقط كما هو موضح أعلاه. و لا يتم استخدامه ببساطة لقول أن شيئًا ما حدث منذ بعض الوقت ، أو لإعطاء سبب في الزمن الماضي لموقف حدث في الزمن المضارع.

🔹Alex Cary, who worked for my father in the 1980s, is now living in Greece.
(Not ... Alex Cary, who had worked for my father ...)✘
🔹I left a jacket to be cleaned. Is it ready yet?
(Not I had left a jacket ...)✘

4⃣ Unreal events: if, etc
أحداث غير حقيقة: مع If, wish, would rather ..الخ (حالات الافتراض، التمني و النصيحة)

After if, wish and would rather, the past perfect can be used to talk about past events that did not happen.
بعد الأفعال If, wish و would rather يمكننا استخدام الماضي التام للحديث عن أحداث ماضية لم تحدث.

🔹If I had gone to university, I would have studied medicine.
🔹I wish you had told me the truth.
🔹I’d rather she had asked me before borrowing the car.

5⃣ How long? past perfect, not simple past

We use a past perfect, not a simple past, to say how long something had continued up to a past moment. A simple past perfect is used with non­ progressive verbs like be, have and know.
نستخدم فعل في الزمن الماضي التام، و ليس الماضي البسيط، لنقول كم من الوقت استمر الفعل حتى اللحظة الماضية. يتم استخدام الماضي التام البسيط مع الأفعال be، have، know.

🔹She told me that her father had been ill since Christmas.
(Not ... that her father was ill since Christmas.)✘
🔹I was sorry to sell my car. I had had it since College.
(Not I had it since College)✘
🔹When they got married, they had known each other for 15 years.
(Not ... they knew each other for 15 years.)✘

🔻With most other verbs, we use the past perfect progressive for this meaning.
🔻مع معظم الأفعال الأخرى، نستخدم الزمن الماضي التام المستمر لهذا المعنى.

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🔰Present perfect continuous or present simple and continuous ?
الفرق بين المضارع التام المستمر و المضارع البسيط و المستمر


1⃣ How long? Present perfect continuous

We use a present perfect continuous to say how long a situation or action has continued up to now.
كما علمنا سابقاً أننا نستخدم المضارع التام المستمر للتعبير عن مدة حدوث الفعل من بدايته حتى الآن. قارن الأمثلة:

🤔Compare:

🔹It’s raining again.
◽It’s been raining since Christmas.
(Not It's raining since Christmas.)✘

🔹Are you learning English?
◽How long have you been learning English?
(Not How long are you learning English?)✘

🔹’I hear you’re working at Smiths.' ◽‘Yes, I've been working there for a month.’
(Not I’m working there for ...)✘

🔹I know her well.
◽I’ve known her for years.
(Not I know her for years.)✘

🔹My brother is a doctor.
◽How long has he been a doctor?
(Not How long is he a doctor?)✘

🤔Compare also:

🔹How long are you here for? (= until when; when are you leaving?)
◽How long have you been here for? (= since when; when did you arrive?)

2⃣ This is the first time, etc
إنها المرة الأولى، .. إلخ

We use a simple present perfect after this is the first time that... , it’s the second ... that... , and similar structures.
نستخدم الزمن المضارع التام البسيط بعد عبارة إنها المرة الأولى التي ...، هذه المرة الثانية ... و صيغ مشابهة لها:

✨This is the first time that I’ve heard her sing.
(Not This is the first time that I hear her sing.)✘
✨It’s the fifth time you've asked me the same question.
✨This is only the second opera I’ve ever seen.

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✨Thank you dear friends. I appreciate your participation!🌹

✅Here are the correct answers:

1⃣ B. 've been cycling

We use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs for situations which started in the past and have not finished or have just finished.

We use the present perfect continuous when the present result comes from the process of doing the action: my legs are tired because I have been cycling.

2⃣ A. have you been waiting

We can use both the present perfect simple or continuous to talk about situations that started in the past and have not finished, but the present perfect continuous is more common when the verb is dynamic (action verbs).

3⃣ A. have you known

We can use both the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous with how long, for, since, recently, lately to talk about situations that started in the past and still continue.

But we can only use the present perfect simple with stative verbs, and know is a stative verb.

4⃣ A. has eaten

When we use the present perfect simple for a past finished action, we focus on the completion of the action; i.e. the action has been completed (=there are no cookies left). When we use the present perfect continuous we focus on the duration of the action; the action has been going on for some time and maybe it's been completed or maybe not.

5⃣ A. has been eating

When we use the present perfect simple, we focus on the completion of the action, i.e. the action has been finished . And when we use the present perfect continuouss we focus on the duration of the action; the action has been going on for some time and maybe it’s been finished or maybe not. If there are some cookies left, it means that the action has not been completed, and this is why we need the present perfect continuous.

6⃣ B. has she written

We use the present perfect simple to talk about how many things or how much of something we have done (how many books).

7⃣ A. has been writing

We use the present perfect continuous with action verbs (dynamic verbs) to talk about situations that started in the past and have not finished or have just finished.

With the present perfect continuous, we emphasise the duration of the action: we have been doing something all morning, all day, etc.

8⃣ A. 've been reading / 've read

We use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs for situations which started in the past and are still going on or have just finished. We focus on the duration of the action (all afternoon).

We use the present perfect simple when we talk about how many things or how much of something we have completed (how many chapters); we are focusing on the completion of the action.


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📚 Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous (multiple choice).

Good luck!🍀

#quiz

🔰Present perfect simple or progressive (continuous)
الفرق بين الزمن المضارع التام البسيط و المستمر


1⃣ Non-progressive verbs
الافعال غير المستمرة

Some verbs are not used in progressive forms, even if the meaning is one for which a progressive form is more suitable. Common examples are be, have and know.
بعض الافعال لا يمكن استخدامها في صيغة المستمر حتى و إن كان معنى الجملة يتطلب ذلك و من أمثلة هذه الافعال be, have, know:

✨Jack's been ill all week.
✨She’s had a cold since Monday.
(not She’s been having a cold ...)✘
✨I’ve only known her for two days.
(not I’ve only been knowing her ... )✘

2⃣ Temporary or permanent
أحداث مؤقتة أم ثابتة و دائمة🤔

We use progressive forms mostly for shorter, temporary actions and situations. When we talk about longer-lasting or permanent situations we often prefer the simple present perfect.
نستخدم صيغة المستمر من هذا الزمن للتعبير عن الاحداث القصيرة في مدتها أو مؤقتة. أما إذا كانت عكس ذلك فنستخدم صيغة التام البسيط. لاحظ الامثلة و قارن بينها:

🤔Compare:

🔹I’ve been playing the piano all afternoon, and I’m really tired.
◽My grandmother has played the piano since she was a little girl.

🔹I haven’t been working very well recently.
◽He hasn’t worked for years.

🔹I’ve been living at Emma’s place for the last month.
◽My parents have lived in Bristol all their lives.

🔻Progressive and simple tenses are sometimes both possible, with a slight difference of emphasis.
🔻يمكن استخدام الزمنين في بعض الحالات مع اختلاف بسيط من حيث التأكيد على معنى الجملة.

✨It’s been raining/It's rained steadily since last Saturday.
✨Harry has been working/has worked in the same job for thirty years.

🔻We generally use the progressive to talk about continuous change or development, even if this is permanent.
🔻عادة ما تُستخدم صيغة المستمر للتعبير عن تغيّر أو تطوّر في الحدث حتى لو كان بشكل دائم.

✨Scientists believe that the universe has been expanding steadily since the beginning of time.

3⃣ How much? how often? simple present perfect

We use the simple present perfect to say how much we have done, or how often we have done something.
نستخدم الزمن المضارع التام البسيط للحديث عن مقدار ممارستنا لفعل ما أو كم مرة نمارس هذا الفعل. قارن:
🤔Compare:

🔹I’ve been planting rose bushes all afternoon.
◽Look at all the rose bushes I’ve planted.
( not ... I’ve been planting. )✘

🔹We’ve been painting the house.
◽We’ve painted two rooms since lunch time.
(not We’ve been painting...)✘

🔹I've been playing a lot of tennis recently.
◽I’ve played tennis three times this week.

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